Opinion
Docket No. 321823.
02-26-2015
PEOPLE v. GREEN.
Bill Schuette, Attorney General, Aaron D. Lindstrom, Solicitor General, William J. Vailliencourt, Jr., Prosecuting Attorney, and William M. Worden and Daniel W. Rose, Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for the people. Nichols Law Firm, East Lansing (by Michael J. Nichols), Paul L. DeCocq, and Abood Law Firm, East Lansing (by Andrew P. Abood), for defendant.
Bill Schuette, Attorney General, Aaron D. Lindstrom, Solicitor General, William J. Vailliencourt, Jr., Prosecuting Attorney, and William M. Worden and Daniel W. Rose, Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for the people.
Nichols Law Firm, East Lansing (by Michael J. Nichols), Paul L. DeCocq, and Abood Law Firm, East Lansing (by Andrew P. Abood), for defendant.
Opinion
PER CURIAM.
The prosecution appeals by leave granted the trial court's order granting defendant's motion to retest a blood sample given by him following a traffic accident. The order required the Michigan State Police (MSP) Forensic Laboratory to retest the same vial of blood that had been previously tested, using the same lab analyst. Because there is no basis in MCL 257.625a for retesting the blood sample, and because MCR 6.201 provides the trial court with only the authority to order that defendant be given the opportunity to test the vial of blood, we reverse and remand for proceedings not otherwise inconsistent with this opinion.
In the early morning hours of July 13, 2013, defendant was operating a motorcycle on East Grand River Avenue in Howell, Michigan, when he allegedly struck and seriously injured a pedestrian. The police arrived on the scene and learned that defendant was coming from a bar where he had earlier consumed alcohol. The police suspected that defendant was under the influence of alcohol, they arrested him, and he consented to a blood test. The police transported defendant to the hospital, where emergency room personnel drew two vials of his blood. Two tests conducted by the MSP on one of the vials resulted in readings of .092 grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood. Defendant was charged with operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated causing another person serious impairment of a body function, MCL 257.625(5), and carrying a concealed weapon while having a blood alcohol content of .08 or more but less than .10 grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood, MCL 28.425k(2)(b).
Defendant moved to have the original sample of his blood retested at the MSP laboratory by the same analyst who conducted the initial tests, arguing that there was no foundation to establish that the blood draw was the product of reliable principles and methods, that he would have to pay for an independent test of the second vial of blood, and that a test of the second vial of blood, rather than of the first vial, would not be a similar sample. The trial court granted defendant's motion, opining that ordering a retest was not a great imposition on the People. The trial court denied the prosecution's motion for reconsideration. The trial court explained that defendant was entitled to a retest of the first vial of blood under the general rules of discovery in order to support his challenge to the previous guidelines for measuring blood-alcohol content and his challenge regarding the irregularity of the blood draw. The trial court noted that defendant's challenges to the previous blood tests were based on guidelines that were in place at the time of the tests but had since been changed. The court further explained that due to the irregularity of the blood draw, a test of the second vial would not adequately address defendant's challenge to the validity of the result that was initially reported.
On appeal, the prosecution first contends that the trial court's order does not comply with the terms of MCL 257.625a. We agree.
A trial court's interpretation of statutes and court rules is reviewed de novo. People v. Lee, 489 Mich. 289, 295, 803 N.W.2d 165 (2011). A trial court's decision regarding discovery is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v. Phillips, 468 Mich. 583, 587, 663 N.W.2d 463 (2003). A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision falls “ ‘outside the range of principled outcomes.’ ” People v. Feezel, 486 Mich. 184, 192, 783 N.W.2d 67 (2010) (opinion by Cavanagh, J.) (citation omitted).
MCL 257.625a(6) states, in part, the following:
The quoted version of MCL 257.625a(6) was in effect at the time of defendant's alleged offense. See 2013 PA 23, effective May 9, 2013. It has since been amended. See 2014 PA 315, effective January 12, 2015.
The following provisions apply with respect to chemical tests and analysis of a person's blood, urine, or breath, other than preliminary chemical breath analysis:
(a) The amount of alcohol or presence of a controlled substance or both in a driver's blood or urine or the amount of alcohol in a person's breath at the time alleged as shown by chemical analysis of the person's blood, urine, or breath is admissible into evidence in any civil or criminal proceeding and is presumed to be the same as at the time the person operated the vehicle.
(b) A person arrested for a crime described in [MCL 257.625c(1)] [[ ] shall be advised of all of the following:
MCL 257.625c is the implied consent statute. It applies to defendant, who was arrested and charged with violating MCL 257.625(5). See MCL 257.625c(1)(a).
(i ) If he or she takes a chemical test of his or her blood, urine, or breath administered at the request of a peace officer, he or she has the right to demand that a person of his or her own choosing administer 1 of the chemical tests.
(ii ) The results of the test are admissible in a judicial proceeding as provided under this act and will be considered with other admissible evidence in determining the defendant's innocence or guilt.
(iii ) He or she is responsible for obtaining a chemical analysis of a test sample obtained at his or her own request.
* * *
(d) A chemical test described in this subsection shall be administered at the request of a peace officer having reasonable grounds to believe the person has committed a crime described in [MCL 257.625c(1)]. A person who takes a chemical test administered at a peace officer's request as provided in this section shall be given a reasonable opportunity to have a person of his or her own choosing administer 1 of the chemical tests described in this subsection within a reasonable time after his or her detention. The test results are admissible and shall be considered with other admissible evidence in determining the defendant's innocence or guilt. If the person charged is administered a chemical test by a person of his or her own choosing, the person charged is responsible for obtaining a chemical analysis of the test sample.
(e) If, after an accident, the driver of a vehicle involved in the accident is transported to a medical facility and a sample of the driver's blood is withdrawn at that time for medical treatment, the results of a chemical analysis of that sample are admissible in any civil or criminal proceeding to show the amount of alcohol or presence of a controlled substance or both in the person's blood at the time alleged, regardless of whether the person had been offered or had refused a chemical test. The medical facility or person performing the chemical analysis shall disclose the results of the analysis to a prosecuting attorney who requests the results for use in a criminal prosecution as provided in this subdivision. A medical facility or person disclosing information in compliance with this subsection is not civilly or criminally liable for making the disclosure.
“[T]he goal of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. The touchstone of legislative intent is the statute's language. If the statute's language is clear and unambiguous, we assume that the Legislature intended its plain meaning and we enforce the statute as written.” People v. Harris, 495 Mich. 120, 126–127, 845 N.W.2d 477 (2014) (quotation marks and citations omitted). “Stated differently, a court may read nothing into an unambiguous statute that is not within the manifest intent of the Legislature as derived from the words of the statute itself.” People v. Phillips, 469 Mich. 390, 395, 666 N.W.2d 657 (2003) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
MCL 257.625a “must be read in its entirety to determine legislative intent.” Collins v. Secretary of State, 19 Mich.App. 498, 502, 172 N.W.2d 879 (1969). This Court has acknowledged that MCL 257.625a “governs the admissibility of chemical tests in drinking and driving cases.” People v. Campbell, 236 Mich.App. 490, 494, 601 N.W.2d 114 (1999). “[T]he Legislature enacted the implied consent statute to enable the state to obtain convictions without being unduly burdened in the proof of the crime.” Id. at 498, 601 N.W.2d 114.
MCL 257.625a(6) clearly grants a defendant a reasonable opportunity to have a person of his or her own choosing administer a chemical test of his or her blood sample. MCL 257.625a(6)(d). The statute further states that a defendant is responsible for obtaining a chemical analysis of the test sample. Defendant argues that “[b]y definition, that includes a forensic scientist at the Michigan State Police laboratory.” However, there is no indication that the MSP laboratory, an investigating agency of the Michigan State Police, offers chemical testing services to private individuals or is able to bill for such services. Though defendant may want to “choose” a specific analyst at the MSP lab, the trial court lacks authority to compel a state agency to perform services it does not offer.
Further, both the Michigan Supreme Court and this Court have consistently acknowledged that MCL 257.625a(6) grants a defendant the right to obtain an independent chemical test. See People v. Anstey, 476 Mich. 436, 441, 719 N.W.2d 579 (2006); People v. Reid (On Remand), 292 Mich.App. 508, 510, 810 N.W.2d 391 (2011). Requiring the same lab analyst at the same lab to retest the same vial of blood is not independent of the first test.
In addition, “[a]bsent a showing of suppression of evidence, intentional misconduct, or bad faith, the prosecutor and the police are not required to test evidence to accord a defendant due process.” People v. Coy, 258 Mich.App. 1, 21, 669 N.W.2d 831 (2003). “Although the prosecution bears the burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt in a criminal trial, it need not negate every theory consistent with defendant's innocence, nor exhaust all scientific means at its disposal.” Id. (citations omitted). “[N]either the prosecution nor the defense has an affirmative duty to search for evidence to aid in the other's case.” Id.
In this case, the trial court's order requires the prosecution and the police to do exactly what Coy expressly states the prosecution and the police are not required to do. Not only does the trial court's order require the MSP lab to test evidence at defendant's mere request, but it requires the MSP lab to do the exact same test at the same lab using the same analyst. This improperly requires the police to test evidence that may aid defendant's case.
In People v. Stephens, 58 Mich.App. 701, 705, 228 N.W.2d 527 (1975), the defendant argued that the police department's failure to test a weapon for fingerprints was equivalent to the suppression of evidence “since exculpatory evidence that might have been developed through that testing procedure was lost.” This Court recognized that there is a “crucial distinction ... between failing to disclose evidence that has been developed and failing to develop evidence....” Id. This Court concluded that deciding not to test for fingerprints “is a legitimate police investigative decision.” Id. at 706, 228 N.W.2d 527. Application of the “crucial distinction” in Stephens to the facts of this case could not be clearer. Although the prosecution is required to disclose evidence that has been developed, it is not required to develop evidence, including testing a blood sample for a third time, that defendant hopes will provide him with a defense.
Defendant nevertheless argues that the trial court has the authority to order retesting of his blood sample under MCR 6.201 and “longstanding Michigan case law.” In denying the prosecution's motion for reconsideration, the trial court cited MCR 6.201(A)(6), which states, in part, that “[o]n good cause shown, the court may order that a party be given the opportunity to test without destruction any tangible physical evidence.” The relevant language in this rule is “a party be given the opportunity to test.” MCR 6.201(A)(6) does not provide the trial court with the authority to order the MSP to retest its own evidence. Rather, it merely provides the court with the authority to provide defendant with the opportunity to test any tangible physical evidence. This reading is also consistent with MCL 257.625a(6). Thus, the trial court may order only that defendant be given the opportunity to retest the first vial of blood. It abused its discretion in ordering otherwise. As with any other evidence, any potential discrepancies in the results obtained are subject to argument by the parties.
Given our conclusion, we need not address the prosecution's remaining arguments on appeal.
We reverse the trial court's order that the same MSP lab analyst retest the same vial of defendant's blood that had already been twice tested by the analyst, and we remand for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
OWENS, P.J., and MARKEY and SERVITTO, JJ., concurred.