Summary
In People v. Globe Mutual Life Ins. Co., 91 N.Y. 174, where an insurance company was restrained by an order of the court from further prosecuting its business and a receiver appointed, it was held that a contract entered into by it with a general agent for his services for a specified time was thereby annulled by the action of the State, and that the general agent had no cause of action for nonperformance by the company.
Summary of this case from Adler v. MilesOpinion
Argued December 12, 1882
Decided January 23, 1883
Edward C. James for appellant. Geo. W. Wingate for receiver.
John C. Keeler for attorney-general.
There was no breach of the contract between Mix and the insurance company by either of the parties. It was in process of continued performance according to its terms, and was unbroken at the moment when the injunction order was served. That operated upon both parties at the same instant, and perpetuated the then existing rights and conditions. Before its service the company had done nothing to prevent performance, and we must assume was both ready and able to perform. It had done no act which amounted to a refusal, or which made it unable to carry out its contract. For aught that appears it would have done so if let alone. But it was not permitted to perform. The State, by the injunction order operating alike upon the company and its agents, paralyzed the action of both the contracting parties, so that neither could perform, or put the other in the wrong. Thereupon the company could not refuse, and did not refuse. To put it in the wrong, and make it liable for a breach, required action on the part of Mix. As a condition precedent he was bound to show both ability and readiness to perform on his part. ( Shaw v. Republic Life Ins. Co., 69 N.Y. 292, 293; James v. Burchell, 82 id. 113.) He could do neither. Performance by him had become illegal. It would have been a criminal contempt, and possibly a misdemeanor. There could be neither readiness nor ability to do the forbidden and unlawful acts. ( Jones v. Knowles, 30 Me. 402.) So that from the necessity of the case, as there was no breach on either side before the injunction, so there could be none after. What had happened was a dissolution of the contract by the sovereign power of the State, rendering performance on either side impossible. And this result was within the contemplation of the parties, and must be deemed an unexpressed condition of their agreement. One party was a corporation. It drew its vitality from the grant of the State, and could only live by its permission. It existed within certain defined limitations, and must die whenever its creator so willed. The general agent who contracted with it did so with knowledge of the statutory conditions, and these must be deemed to have permeated the agreement, and constituted elements of the obligation. ( People v. Security Life Ins. Co., 78 N.Y. 115.) Then, too, the subject-matter of the contract was that of skilled personal services to be rendered by one and received by the other. It was inherent in the bargain that a substituted service would not answer. The company were not bound to accept another's performance instead of the chosen agent's, nor was he in turn bound to work for some other master. The contract in its own nature was dependent upon the continued life of both parties. With the natural death of one, or the corporate death of the other, the contract must inevitably end. So that, in its own inherent nature, by the unexpressed conditions subject to which it was made, and by the decree enjoining both parties at the same moment from further performance, the contract was terminated and no breach existed.
It is easy to see how the situation of Mix differs from that of the policy-holders. We held in the Security case that the latter were creditors and stood upon a breach of their contract; but that breach was not the dissolution of the company. It ante-dated such dissolution and was the prior cause, of which the latter was the consequence. The reserve required by law was essential to the safety of the policy-holders. A covenant to maintain it was implied in every contract of insurance. That covenant the company broke by its own neglect, for which it alone was assumed to be responsible. The State found these contracts broken and for that reason interfered, and when its decree of dissolution came it had to deal with broken contracts and treated them as it found them. The same distinction explains the English cases which were commended to our careful attention. ( Yelland's Case, L.R., 4 Eq. 350; Clarke's Case, L.R., 7 Eq. 550; Logan's Case, L.R., 9 Eq. 149; Maclure's Case, L.R., 5 Ch. App. 737; Dean Gilbert's Case, Law Jour., 41 Ch. [N.S.] 476.) In all of them the companies stopped payment before any intervention of the law, and this being done by open and public notice, amounted to a voluntary refusal of performance, and, therefore, a breach of contract, established before the winding up orders were made and the liquidators appointed. When the court interfered it found broken contracts and a liability for a breach already existing, and dealt with what it found. It did not itself break what was already broken. Still another class of cases is obviously different. ( People v. National Trust Co., 82 N.Y. 283. ) They are such as affect property rights and survive the death of the parties. Performance can be made by assignees or successors, and nothing in the essence of the agreement depends upon the life of the parties, or forbids its complete execution by others. And in all of the cases thus cited there was no incapacity affecting both parties alike. The one suing for a breach was free, so far as he was concerned, to offer performance, and had the necessary ability. He could thus put his adversary in the wrong, while here the same blow, at the same instant, stopped performance on both sides and made it illegal on the part of either.
But exactly at this point the learned counsel for the appellant interposes a proposition which presents a difficulty. Practically conceding most that we have said, he insists that the contract is only dissolved when its destruction comes from an outside and independent force, operating separately, and not occasioned directly or indirectly by the act or omission of the party pleading it as an excuse. In other words such party must be innocent and blameless in respect to the vis major which dissolves the contract, and if not so, cannot plead as an excuse what practically is his own fault and act. And our attention is directed to this feature as characterizing the cases in which the agreements were held to have been ended. They are grouped in the appellant's points and need not to be repeated. He has stated their purport correctly. In all of them both parties were innocent of and blameless for the outside and independent agency which dissolved the contract. And the argument is now pressed that in the present case the company was not only not blameless for its dissolution, but that resulted from its own acts or omissions, was directly caused by them, and, therefore, such dissolution must be deemed its own act, which it cannot plead as an excuse. This leads to the inquiry whether the company was so the responsible cause of the action of the State as to make the dissolution its own act.
The answer is that no such fact is shown, nor is it a necessary inference from the facts which do appear. The judgment of dissolution is not here. We only know from the stipulation of the parties that the company was organized under chapter 902 of the Laws of 1869, and that the superintendent of insurance made the certificate provided for in section 7 of said act, and the attorney-general thereupon commenced the action for dissolution. The superintendent probably acted because the company's reserve had fallen below the lawful and safe level. Perhaps we ought to presume as much as that, but if so, the result may have happened from causes beyond the company's control and without its fault. It was its duty to invest the reserve and keep it interest-bearing. It may have done so with entire prudence at the time, and in strict accordance with the law, and then all values have so shrunk and dwindled from commercial causes as to have impaired the reserve. In such case the dissolution would have come from outside and foreign forces, operating independently and both beyond control. If it be said the company was still the indirect cause of the dissolution since it made the investments and failed to repair and strengthen them to the legal limit, the answer may be that it could not do it. The rule must not be pushed to an extreme. Thus, in the case of the sailor having a running contract for service with the ship-owner, and sent home by a naval court as a witness against the captain for shooting one of the crew, and unable to return to the ship after the trial, and whose contract was held to be dissolved ( Melville v. De Wolf, 4 E. B. 844), similar suggestions might have been made. It could have been said that it was his duty to return to the ship, but that such return had become impossible, without his fault, or that of the ship-owner, was held sufficient. Then, too, it could have been argued that if the sailor had not been present at and seen the murder, which was his voluntary act, and which he might have avoided, the law would not have sent him home. Of course nobody thought of pushing the rule to such an extreme; nor must it be done here. The sailor was not bound to foresee that his innocent and blameless presence at the scene of the murder would involve a dissolution of his contract through the intervention of the law; nor the company that its investments, honestly and prudently made, would shrink beyond repair, and bring down a dissolution by the State. If, in such case, in some sense, such dissolution may be deemed the act of the company; in a similar sense, and through the same mode of reasoning, we might, in a case of master and servant, trace the death of the former to his own negligence in eating or drinking, or exposure to heat and cold, and so determine his non-performance to be inexcusable, and to draw after it damages for a breach. As it is thus evident that a man may be, in some sense, the occasion, or even the indirect cause of his own death, and in the same sense blamable for it, without its being, in a legal sense, and considered as a vis major, his own act; so a corporation may be said, through the conduct of its officers, to have, in some sort, occasioned its own corporate death, while yet it would remain true that its dissolution by the independent force of the State would be not its own act; not at all the product of its own volition; and not a breach by it of its contracts previously unbroken. Especially is this true as between the company and its own officers contracting with it. One of these may be innocent himself of any wrongful act or neglect, and yet it is inherent in the nature of his contract that he takes the risk of such act, or neglect, on the part of the other officers, as may tend, under the law, to produce a dissolution, if such dissolution in fact occurs. That possibility entered into his contract, when made, and belonged to it as an inevitable condition, for its complete performance depended upon the corporate life, and that under the law upon the fulfillment of the law's conditions. In the event of such corporate death the motive of the State, or the ground of its act is wholly immaterial. Its risk was upon the contractor, whatever its cause or occasion; and, however it may have been provoked or induced, it must be deemed the act of the State, and not of the corporate body. And it is the independent act of the State, for although the reserve may have fallen below the prescribed level, a dissolution is not the necessary-consequence. That may follow, or may not follow. The superintendent of insurance may make the certificate which sets the law in motion, or may withhold it. The matter lies within his sole discretion and control. He may act or not, as he chooses; but if he does it is his act, and not the company's; dependent wholly on his volition and not on that of the corporation; an independent agency guided by its own motives, and not the act of the company producing its own death.
If it be asked where this doctrine leaves the policy-holders, and their claims for breach of contract, the answer is two-fold. Where the dissolution follows an impaired reserve, their contracts, as we have already said, were broken by the company before the State interposed. But their rights go much deeper than that. For while in the Security case, we put those rights upon the ground of breach of contract, we did not at all decide that there was no other. If the State had dissolved this company while its contracts with the policy-holders were entirely unbroken, and by an exercise of sovereign power founded upon motives of public policy, we should still recognize and enforce the rights of policy-holders on a different ground. The assets to be distributed would be the reserve or so much of it as remained. That reserve, as we showed in the Security case, is made up of the excess of premiums paid by the policy-holders in the earlier years of their policies beyond the real cost of insurance to enable them to be carried in later years when the risk should be greater. Practically, therefore, at the date of dissolution the reserve represents the earnings of the policies and the contributions of the policy-holders. And as, in the case of contracts for personal services dissolved without fault by death or the act of the law, the contract is apportioned, and the servant entitled to his actual earnings to the date of dissolution, so the policy-holders would be entitled to the just earnings of their policies to the same date, and have an undoubted equity upon the assets. What they paid in excess and in advance was held by the company to some extent as their trustee and for their benefit, and when it is dissolved they have a claim upon the assets in the nature of an equitable ownership which gives them a right beyond that of mere creditors seeking damages for a breach of contract. To make, and to carry out contracts of insurance is the very object of the corporation, and the sole purpose of and excuse for its existence. The State gives it life for that end, and takes it away when the result is not reached. It watches it during life to see that it fulfills the purpose for which it was created, and buries it when that purpose fails. And as in the creation of the company, and in its supervision and control the rights of the policy-holders and their safety are the paramount considerations, so they remain paramount when corporate death is inflicted. The blow is struck in their interest, and their equitable claim upon the assets is evident and strong. In distributing such assets a court of equity may and must give heed to equitable considerations. The claimant is not suing the company at law, for the corporation is dead. He comes in collision with the policy-holders in equity; and while he is found to have not even a just debt for damages because of his relation to the company and the nature of his contract, and therefore no shadow of an equity against the assets, the policy-holders resisting his claim are protected by an equity not to be overlooked or disregarded.
Other considerations of very serious import were adverted to by the courts below, which we need not here discuss. What has been said sufficiently indicates our opinion that no error was committed in rejecting the claim of the general agent.
The order should be affirmed.
All concur.
Order affirmed.