Opinion
2012-08-22
The PEOPLE, etc., respondent, v. Errol A. FREEMAN, appellant.
Kent V. Moston, Hempstead, N.Y. (Jeremy L. Goldberg and David Bernstein of counsel), for appellant. Kathleen M. Rice, District Attorney, Mineola, N.Y. (Laurie K. Gibbons and Monica M.C. Leiter of counsel), for respondent.
Kent V. Moston, Hempstead, N.Y. (Jeremy L. Goldberg and David Bernstein of counsel), for appellant. Kathleen M. Rice, District Attorney, Mineola, N.Y. (Laurie K. Gibbons and Monica M.C. Leiter of counsel), for respondent.
PETER B. SKELOS, J.P., MARK C. DILLON, JOHN M. LEVENTHAL, and SANDRA L. SGROI, JJ.
Appeal by the defendant from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Nassau County (Sullivan, J.), rendered November 18, 2010, convicting him of burglary in the third degree, upon a jury verdict, and imposing sentence.
ORDERED that the judgment is modified, on the facts, by reducing the defendant's conviction of burglary in the third degree to criminal trespass in the third degree, and vacating the sentence imposed thereon; as so modified, the judgment is affirmed, and the matter is remitted to the Supreme Court, Nassau County, for sentencing on the conviction of criminal trespass in the third degree.
On October 28, 2009, the then–55–year–old defendant, who purported to be homeless, was discovered at approximately 11:00 A.M. in the detached garage of the complainant's home. It had rained the previous night, as well as earlier that morning. When confronted by the complainant, the defendant apologized, ran out of the garage, and fled on his bicycle. The complainant called 911, and shortly thereafter a police officer arrested the defendant a few blocks from the complainant's home. At trial, through defense counsel's summation, the defendant conceded that he knowingly entered the complainant's garage without permission to do so, but maintained that he did not intend to steal anything and was only seeking shelter from the rain.
The defendant was charged with burglary in the third degree and the lesser-included offense of criminal trespass in the third degree. At trial, the complainant testified that a miter saw in the garage had been moved from a work bench to the floor. The arresting officer testified that the defendant initially lied about where he was coming from when he was stopped. Based on this evidence, the jury convicted the defendant of burglary in the third degree.
Here, the complainant's inconsistent testimony on direct examination that he saw the defendant leaning over the miter saw, and then, on cross-examination, that he saw the defendant in the act of wrapping the power cord around the miter saw, failed to establish that the defendant harbored the requisite criminal intent ( seePenal Law § 140.20). Furthermore, the defendant did not attempt to flee when he was stopped by the police and told the officer that he was homeless. Nothing had been taken from the garage, which the complainant had left unlocked, and there were no signs of forced entry or vandalism. Neither burglar's tools nor stolen property were found in the defendant's possession, and no credible evidence was presented to negate the defendant's contention that he entered the unlocked garage in order to seek shelter from the rain.
Upon the exercise of our factual review power ( seeCPL 470.15), and based upon the foregoing, we agree with the defendant that his conviction was against the weight of the evidence. In conducting our weight-of-the-evidence analysis, we must first determine, based upon the credible evidence, whether a different result would have been unreasonable and, if it would not have been, then we must “ ‘weigh the relative probative force of conflicting testimony and the relative strength of conflicting inferences that may be drawn from the testimony’ ” ( People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672, quoting People ex rel. MacCracken v. Miller, 291 N.Y. 55, 62, 50 N.E.2d 542). Applying this standard of review to the proof adduced at the defendant's trial, we determine that an acquittal on the charge of burglary in the third degree that was submitted to the jury would not have been unreasonable based upon the evidence presented and, moreover, that the jury failed to accord the evidence the weight it should have been accorded ( see People v. Romero, 7 N.Y.3d 633, 826 N.Y.S.2d 163, 859 N.E.2d 902). However, the weight of the credible evidence supports a finding that the defendant committed the lesser-included offense of criminal trespass in the third degree ( seePenal Law § 140.10[a] ). Accordingly, the judgment must be modified by reducing the defendant's conviction of burglary in the third degree to criminal trespass in the third degree ( seeCPL 470.15 [5] ), and vacating the sentence imposed thereon, and the matter must be remitted to the Supreme Court, Nassau County, for sentencing on the conviction of criminal trespass in the third degree ( seeCPL 470.20[4] ).
The defendant's Batson argument ( see Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69) is without merit ( see People v. Cajigas, 82 A.D.3d 544, 918 N.Y.S.2d 463,lv. granted17 N.Y.3d 814, 929 N.Y.S.2d 802, 954 N.E.2d 93;People v. Booker, 49 A.D.3d 658, 659, 854 N.Y.S.2d 430).
The defendant's remaining contentions need not be reached in light of our determination. DILLON, J.P., LEVENTHAL, and SGROI, JJ., concur.
SKELOS, J.P., dissents and votes to affirm the judgment with the following memorandum:
By convicting the defendant of burglary in the third degree ( seePenal Law § 140.20), the jury implicitly found that, at the time the defendant entered the garage, he had an intent to commit a crime therein. In conducting its weight-of-the-evidence review, the majority has essentially determined that the jury's finding in this regard was not “justified” ( People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 348, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1;see People v. Mateo, 2 N.Y.3d 383, 410, 779 N.Y.S.2d 399, 811 N.E.2d 1053,cert. denied542 U.S. 946, 124 S.Ct. 2929, 159 L.Ed.2d 828). However, based on the weight of the credible evidence, I believe that finding was justified ( see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d at 348, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1). Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
The complainant lived in a house located in East Meadow, Nassau County. The house had a detached garage. The garage was accessible via a side door, which the complainant kept unlocked. A work bench was inside the garage. The complainant kept several tools on the work bench, including a mounted 10–inch, 15–pound miter chop saw. He did not keep the saw's power cord wrapped around the unit.
On the evening of October 27, 2009, it began raining in East Meadow. The next day, at approximately 10:58 A.M., the complainant went to the side door of the garage. It was no longer raining at this point. The complainant noticed that the side door of the garage was ajar. When the complainant looked inside the garage, he observed a man whom he identified at trial as the defendant. The complainant had not given the defendant, who was a stranger, permission to enter the garage. The complainant noticed that the miter saw was no longer on the work bench, but rather, was on the floor of the garage. The complainant observed the defendant “leaning over” the saw. Although there was a minor discrepancy in the complainant's testimony about whether he observed the defendant wrapping the saw's power cord around the unit, it is undisputed that, at this point, the cord was now wrapped around the unit. The complainant “yelled” at the defendant: “[W]hat are you doing in there?” In response, the defendant exited the garage through the side door, apologized to the complainant, got onto a bicycle, and pedaled away.
At 11:01 A.M., the complainant called the police to report the incident. Approximately four minutes later, Police Officer Jon Paloscio, who was in a nearby patrol car, received a radio transmission about the incident, as well as a description of the perpetrator. Soon thereafter, he observed the defendant riding a bicycle. Officer Paloscio stopped, and spoke with, the defendant. Officer Paloscio asked the defendant, who produced a photographic identification card listing a Hempstead residence, what he was doing in the neighborhood. The defendant replied that he “just came back from” the Nassau County Medical Center. Officer Paloscio, who realized that the defendant was actually riding his bicycle towards the Nassau County Medical Center, became more suspicious that the defendant was the man who was reported to have been inside the garage.
Another police officer transported the complainant to Officer Paloscio and the defendant. The complainant then identified the defendant as the man who had been inside the garage. Officer Paloscio then arrested the defendant.
The defendant did not testify on his own behalf, nor did he present any evidence.
On summation, defense counsel argued that the evidence showed that when the defendant entered the garage, he did not have the intent to commit a crime therein. Rather, defense counsel contended that the evidence showed that the defendant was “just a homeless guy trying to get out of the rain,” and was “looking for shelter from the storm.”
The trial court submitted the crime of burglary in the third degree to the jury. The trial court also submitted, as a lesser-included offense, the crime of criminal trespass in the third degree. The defendant was convicted of burglary in the third degree.
The trial court properly charged the jury that a person is guilty of burglary in the third degree “when he knowingly enters ... a building with intent to commit a crime therein” (Penal Law § 140.20). On appeal, the defendant contends, inter alia, that the evidence was legally insufficient to support the jury's implicit finding that at the time he entered the garage, he had an intent to commit a crime therein. Although the defendant's legal sufficiency argument is rendered academic by the majority's determination, I note that the argument is unpreserved for appellate review ( seeCPL 470. 05[2] ), because defense counsel merely made a generalized motion to dismiss at the close of the People's case ( see People v. Hodges, 257 A.D.2d 630, 684 N.Y.S.2d 563;People v. McCrea, 194 A.D.2d 742, 600 N.Y.S.2d 84;People v. Webber, 184 A.D.2d 540, 584 N.Y.S.2d 165). In any event, the argument is without merit, because when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution ( see People v. Contes, 60 N.Y.2d 620, 621, 467 N.Y.S.2d 349, 454 N.E.2d 932), the jury could rationally find that at the time the defendant entered the garage, he intended to commit a crime therein, specifically, larceny.
Oftentimes, there is no direct evidence of a defendant's intent to commit a crime at the time the defendant enters a building ( see People v. Giannizzero, 209 A.D.2d 635, 636, 619 N.Y.S.2d 307). Indeed, a defendant will “rarely ... express[ ]” such an intent ( People v. Jackson, 171 A.D.2d 813, 813, 567 N.Y.S.2d 755). However, that intent may be established by proof of the defendant's conduct and other facts and circumstances ( see People v. Mackey, 49 N.Y.2d 274, 279, 425 N.Y.S.2d 288, 401 N.E.2d 398). Here, the defendant's conduct and certain other facts and circumstances provided a rational basis for the jury to infer that the defendant had a larcenous intent when he entered the garage.
Evidence that a defendant handled someone else's property while inside a building he unlawfully entered may support a finding that at the time he entered the building, he intended to commit a crime therein ( see People v. McCrea, 194 A.D.2d at 743–744, 600 N.Y.S.2d 84;People v. Agostinello, 191 A.D.2d 639, 595 N.Y.S.2d 226;People v. Ryan, 180 A.D.2d 769, 580 N.Y.S.2d 82). Here, there was evidence supporting the inference that the defendant handled the complainant's property while inside the garage. In this regard, evidence supported the inference that the defendant, who was found “leaning” over a miter saw on the floor, had removed the 15–pound saw from its mounting on a work bench, placed the miter saw on the floor, and wrapped the saw's power cord around the unit ( see People v. Santana, 143 A.D.2d 207, 531 N.Y.S.2d 644).
Evidence that a defendant who unlawfully entered a building gave false information when confronted by the police may also support a finding that at the time he entered the building, he intended to commit a crime therein ( see People v. McCrea, 194 A.D.2d at 743–744, 600 N.Y.S.2d 84). Here, there was evidence that when the defendant was confronted by Officer Paloscio soon after the incident, he gave Officer Paloscio false information. In this regard, although the defendant had been traveling towards the Nassau County Medical Center, he told Officer Paloscio that he was coming from the Nassau County Medical Center.
Finally, if a defendant who unlawfully entered a building gave or gives an “improbable excuse” for entering the building, this circumstance may also support a finding that at the time he or she entered the building, he or she intended to commit a crime therein ( People v. Monge, 248 A.D.2d 558, 559, 670 N.Y.S.2d 200;see People v. Diaz, 53 A.D.3d 504, 505, 862 N.Y.S.2d 73;People v. Williams, 221 A.D.2d 673, 634 N.Y.S.2d 493;People v. Figueroa, 167 A.D.2d 555, 562 N.Y.S.2d 225;People v. Giles, 161 A.D.2d 663, 555 N.Y.S.2d 440). Here, the defendant's excuse for entering the garage—as advanced by defense counsel—was that he was a homeless person seeking shelter from the rain. However, there was ample evidence from which the jury could rationally reject that excuse for entering the garage. Aside from the circumstances discussed above, which supported the conclusion that the defendant intended to commit a larceny at the time he entered the garage, it is crucial to note that the defendant remained inside the garage after it stopped raining.
Turning now to the issue of whether the jury verdict was against the weight of the evidence, as the majority notes, weight-of-the-evidence review requires this Court “first to determine whether an acquittal would not have been unreasonable” ( People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d at 348, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1). Here, an acquittal of the crime of burglary in the third degree would not have been unreasonable. Indeed, a finding that, at the time the defendant entered the garage, he did not intend to commit a crime therein, would not have been unreasonable. In this regard, certain circumstances might make it seem plausible that he truly was homeless, and, at the time he entered the garage, merely intended to get out of the rain. For example, it had been raining on the morning of the incident. Moreover, nothing was actually removed from the garage.
Upon finding that an acquittal would not have been unreasonable, this Court must “weigh conflicting testimony, review any rational inferences that may be drawn from the evidence and evaluate the strength of such conclusions” ( id. at 348, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1). “Based on the weight of the credible evidence,” this Court must then “decide[ ] whether the jury was justified in finding the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt” ( id. at 348, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1;see People v. Mateo, 2 N.Y.3d at 410, 779 N.Y.S.2d 399, 811 N.E.2d 1053).
Keeping in mind that this Court should be careful not to substitute its judgment for that of the jury's ( see People v. Romero, 7 N.Y.3d 633, 644, 826 N.Y.S.2d 163, 859 N.E.2d 902;People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672), I conclude, unlike the majority, that the jury was “justified” in finding that, at the time the defendant entered the garage, he intended to commit a crime therein. This is because it was fair for the jury, which was not bound to accept the defendant's claimed purpose for entering the garage ( see People v. Giannizzero, 209 A.D.2d at 636, 619 N.Y.S.2d 307;People v. Giles, 161 A.D.2d at 663, 555 N.Y.S.2d 440), to reject the defendant's assertion that he was a homeless person seeking shelter from the rain and did not intend to steal anything from the garage. After all, as discussed above, there was ample evidence from which the jury could rationally reject that explanation. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that there was no evidence at trial establishing that the defendant, who possessed an identification card indicating that he had a residence, was actually homeless. Rather, Officer Paloscio merely testified that the defendant—who did not testify or put on a defense case—told him that he was homeless.
In summary, this case is not one where a jury rejected a defendant's “persuasive ... explanation” for his unlawful entry into a building and, hence, is not a case warranting the exercise of this Court's factual review power to vacate a conviction ( People v. Perpepaj, 249 A.D.2d 223, 225, 673 N.Y.S.2d 363). For that reason, and because the defendant's remaining contentions are without merit, I would affirm the defendant's judgment of conviction.