Opinion
Docket No. 27853.
Decided October 24, 1977.
Appeal from Calhoun, Creighton R. Coleman, J. Submitted June 15, 1977, at Lansing. (Docket No. 27853.) Decided October 24, 1977.
Curtis Frazier was convicted of armed robbery. Defendant appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Roger Caswell, Prosecuting Attorney, and Allen Garbrecht, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Daniel J. Wright, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant.
Appellant Frazier was convicted of armed robbery, MCLA 750.529; MSA 28.797, by a Calhoun County jury. At his trial, the defendant admitted taking the victim's automobile. However, he raised a necessity duress defense claiming he took the vehicle, in escape, as he feared for his life and was pursued by an armed assailant.
Upon cross-examination the prosecution inquired if, at the time of arrest, the defendant had told the police about being under duress. The trial court allowed the question, believing it was proper under People v Luther, 394 Mich. 619, 623-624; 232 N.W.2d 184, 187 (1975), a case enumerating those indicia which render a duress defense successful and which declares any immediate report upon apprehension by a prison escapee as relevant to a defense of necessity duress. Defendant Frazier was silent about any duress at the time of his arrest, and the prosecution attempted to impeach his credibility by alluding to this fact upon cross-examination.
In Doyle v Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 616, 617; 96 S Ct 2240, 2244; 49 L Ed 2d 91, 102 (1976), the defendant raised an alibi defense. The Supreme Court held that the prosecution's attempt to impeach the credibility of a defendant who took the stand by pointing out he had not spoken about any alibi when arrested was violative of the defendant's Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments' self-incrimination and due process protections.
Michigan adopted a similar rule several years earlier in People v Bobo, 390 Mich. 355, 359; 212 N.W.2d 190, 192 (1973), a case wherein the defendant alleged that prior to arrest he saw two potential suspects run past him, although he did not mention this at the time of his arrest. The prosecution attempted to impeach the defendant asserting his prior silence was materially inconsistent with his present defense; the Michigan Supreme Court refuted this:
"We will not condone conduct which directly or indirectly restricts the exercise of the constitutional right to remain silent in the face of accusation. `Nonutterances' are not statements. The fact that a witness did not make a statement may be shown only to contradict his assertion that he did."
The Bobo rule has been applied under similar facts where an alibi defense was involved. People v Norris, 74 Mich. App. 361, 364-365; 253 N.W.2d 767, 768 (1977).
Along with Bobo's holding that "nonutterances are not statements", there seems to be at least two additional reasons for holding such a means of impeachment unconstitutional. First, as the Supreme Court said in Doyle, 426 US at 617; 96 S Ct at 2244; 49 L Ed 2d at 97 (1976):
"Silence in the wake of these (Miranda) warnings may be nothing more than the arrestee's exercise of these Miranda rights. Thus, every post-arrest silence is insolubly ambiguous because of what the State is required to advise the person arrested." (Emphasis supplied.)
Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694; 10 ALR3d 974 (1966).
Secondly, were we to hold otherwise, it would be incumbent upon a defendant to raise defenses upon apprehension or arrest. Accused persons have no duty to explain to the police defenses; to hold otherwise would erode the principle of innocence being presumed until a showing of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt as it would require a defendant to immediately answer the merest of suspicions or suffer the penalty of impeachment for silence. See People v Bobo, 390 Mich. 355, 358, fn 4; 212 N.W.2d 190, 192, fn 4 (1973).
It is the contention of the prosecutor that the Doyle and Bobo decisions should not be extended to a necessity duress defense under the facts here because People v Luther, supra, renders relevant, to that defense, evidence of immediately reporting to the proper authorities the threat in question. If the defendant has failed to present evidence of prompt reporting to support the defense, it is not for the prosecution to fill in the breach by making reference to or inquiring about the defendant's exercise of his constitutional right to remain silent at the time of arrest. For, if a defendant fails to present evidence of a reporting of the threat to authorities, then, simply less evidence will go to the jury to substantiate the defense.
Given that "the danger is that the jury is likely to assign much more weight to the defendant's previous silence than is warranted", United States v Hale, 442 U.S. 171, 180; 95 S Ct 2133, 2138; 45 L Ed 2d 99, 197 (1975), and given the evidence in this case, we cannot say the constitutional error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt as required by Chapman v California, 386 U.S. 18, 24; 87 S Ct 824, 826; 17 L Ed 2d 705, 710 (1967), People v Robinson, 386 Mich. 551; 194 N.W.2d 709 (1972), People v Swan, 56 Mich. App. 22; 223 N.W.2d 346 (1974).
We agree with appellant Curtis Frazier that he has been denied his right to remain silent under the Michigan and Federal constitutions. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for a new trial.