Opinion
03-03-2016
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Shane R. FOURNIER, Appellant.
Randolph V. Kruman, Cortland, for appellant. Kevin Jones, Special Prosecutor, Ithaca, for respondent.
Randolph V. Kruman, Cortland, for appellant.
Kevin Jones, Special Prosecutor, Ithaca, for respondent.
Before: McCARTHY, J.P., EGAN JR., LYNCH and DEVINE, JJ.
LYNCH, J.
Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Cortland County (Ames, J.), rendered August 13, 2013, upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crimes of criminal sexual act in the first degree, predatory sexual assault against a child, sexual abuse in the first degree and endangering the welfare of a child.
In January 2013, a seven-year-old child (hereinafter the victim) attended a karate class taught by defendant. Although the class ordinarily included another student, the victim was alone with defendant during the lesson, which lasted one hour. Upon returning home from the class, the victim reported that, during the class, defendant pulled down his pants and put his penis into the victim's mouth. The next day, the police were notified and, after an investigation, defendant was charged in a four-count indictment with criminal sexual act in the first degree, predatory sexual assault against a child, sexual abuse in the first degree and endangering the welfare of a child. Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted as charged. Defendant now appeals and we affirm.
Initially, defendant's argument that the People's evidence was legally insufficient to support the verdict was not preserved for our review because he did not renew the motion to dismiss—made at the close of the People's proof—after he testified on his own behalf (see People v. Robinson, 123 A.D.3d 1224, 1225, 999 N.Y.S.2d 555 [2014], lvs. denied 25 N.Y.3d 992, 993, 10 N.Y.S.3d 535, 536, 32 N.E.3d 972, 973 [2015] ). Nonetheless, we necessarily consider whether all the elements of the crimes charged were proven as part of our weight of the evidence review (see People v. Thiel, 134 AD3d 1237, 1238, 21 N.Y.S.3d 745 [2015] ; People v. Valverde, 122 A.D.3d 1074, 1075, 996 N.Y.S.2d 772 [2014] ). Under a weight of the evidence analysis, "if a different result would not have been unreasonable, [this Court] must then weigh the relative probative force of conflicting testimony and the relative strength of conflicting inferences that may be drawn from the testimony" (People v. Novick, 126 A.D.3d 1134, 1134, 5 N.Y.S.3d 574 [2015], lv. denied 25 N.Y.3d 1075, 12 N.Y.S.3d 626, 34 N.E.3d 377 [2015] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted] ).
Relevant here, "[a] person is guilty of predatory sexual assault against a child when, being [18] years old or more, he or she commits the crime of ... criminal sexual act in the first degree ... and the victim is less than [13] years old" (Penal Law § 130.96 ). As to the underlying crime, "[a] person is guilty of criminal sexual act in the first degree when he or she engages in oral sexual conduct ... with another person ... [w]ho is less than [11] years old (Penal Law § 130.50[3] ). "A person is guilty of sexual abuse in the first degree when he or she subjects another person to sexual contact ... [w]hen the other person is less than [11] years old" (Penal Law § 130.65[3] ). Defendant's conviction of endangering the welfare of the child "requires proof that defendant ‘knowingly act[ed] in a manner likely to be injurious to the physical, mental or moral welfare of a child less than [17] years old’ " (People v. Beauharnois, 64 A.D.3d 996, 1001, 882 N.Y.S.2d 589 [2009], lv. denied 13 N.Y.3d 834, 890 N.Y.S.2d 450, 918 N.E.2d 965 [2009], quoting Penal Law § 260.10[1] ).
At trial, it was undisputed that defendant and the victim were 42 and 7 years old, respectively, at the time the alleged acts occurred. The victim's father testified that he left the victim alone with defendant and went for a walk around the facility parking lot, checking in periodically. The victim testified at first that she could not remember what happened during the karate class, and that she did not touch defendant. After this initial hesitancy, the victim confirmed that defendant did put his penis into her mouth and described the event with specific detail, adding that defendant told her "don't tell anybody." The victim's mother testified that when the victim returned home from class that evening, she reported in a "matter of fact" way what defendant had done. Defendant testified that the event described by the victim never occurred. He confirmed that he had previously been convicted of petit larceny, but had never been convicted of a sex crime.
In our view, a different verdict would not have been unreasonable because, as defendant argues, the child's testimony was initially equivocal and defendant denied the event. As such, we weigh the probative force of conflicting testimony and inferences to be drawn therefrom (see People v. Jackson, 128 A.D.3d 1181, 1182, 9 N.Y.S.3d 458 [2015], lv. granted 26 N.Y.3d 1089, 23 N.Y.S.3d 646, 44 N.E.3d 944 [2015] ; People v. Novick, 126 A.D.3d at 1134, 5 N.Y.S.3d 574 ). Insofar as the victim's initial testimony was inconsistent, "[this Court has] long recognized that it is not uncommon for young children to be uncertain and even inconsistent in their trial testimony" (People v. Beauharnois, 64 A.D.3d at 998, 882 N.Y.S.2d 589 [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; see People v. Russell, 116 A.D.3d 1090, 1092, 983 N.Y.S.2d 105 [2014] ). Having seen and heard the victim's testimony, which was specific as to the event, and noting that she was cross-examined, we find that the jury was entitled to credit her testimony. This is particularly so given the victim's prompt "matter of fact" disclosure to her mother, which served to corroborate her testimony (see People v. Rosario, 17 N.Y.3d 501, 511–513, 934 N.Y.S.2d 59, 958 N.E.2d 93 [2011] ). Giving the requisite deference to the jury's credibility determinations, we find that each of the convictions was supported by the weight of the credible evidence (see People v. Thiel, 134 A.D.3d at 1239, 21 N.Y.S.3d 745; People v. Santiago, 118 A.D.3d 1163, 1164–1165, 987 N.Y.S.2d 692 [2014], lv. denied 24 N.Y.3d 964, 996 N.Y.S.2d 223, 20 N.E.3d 1003 [2014] ).
We reject defendant's argument that County Court improperly received sworn testimony from the minor victim. Generally, a witness less than nine years old may not testify under oath unless the court confirms that he or she understands the nature of an oath (see CPL 60.20[2] ; People v. Lashway, 112 A.D.3d 1222, 1222, 978 N.Y.S.2d 388 [2013] ). " ‘The resolution of the issue of witness competency is exclusively the responsibility of the trial court, subject to limited appellate review’ " (People v. Miller, 295 A.D.2d 746, 748, 746 N.Y.S.2d 50 [2002], quoting People v. Parks, 41 N.Y.2d 36, 46, 390 N.Y.S.2d 848, 359 N.E.2d 358 [1976] ; see People v. Lashway, 112 A.D.3d at 1223, 978 N.Y.S.2d 388 ). Here, the victim was questioned at length outside of the presence of the jury. During this testimony, she confirmed that she understood the difference between the truth and a lie, that it was necessary that she tell the truth and that it was wrong and she could be punished if she did not tell the truth during her testimony. Accordingly, we find that County Court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the victim to give sworn testimony (see People v. Lashway, 112 A.D.3d at 1223, 978 N.Y.S.2d 388 ; People v. Mendoza, 49 A.D.3d 559, 560, 853 N.Y.S.2d 364 [2008], lv. denied 10 N.Y.3d 937, 862 N.Y.S.2d 343, 892 N.E.2d 409 [2008] ; People v. Munroe, 307 A.D.2d 588, 591, 763 N.Y.S.2d 691 [2003], lv. denied 100 N.Y.2d 644, 769 N.Y.S.2d 210, 801 N.E.2d 431 [2003] ). Defendant also argues that he was improperly cross-examined regarding prior bad acts. After a pretrial Sandoval hearing, County Court ruled that the People could question defendant with regard to a prior petit larceny conviction. During the trial, the People questioned defendant with regard to his alleged prior drinking and a fight with a coworker. Defendant objected to the relevancy of these questions, but did not raise the issue presented on this appeal-that the questions violated the court's Sandoval ruling. Absent a specific objection on this point during cross-examination, the issue is not preserved for our review (see People v. Facey, 48 A.D.3d 210, 210–211, 851 N.Y.S.2d 423 [2008], lv. denied 10 N.Y.3d 840, 859 N.Y.S.2d 398, 889 N.E.2d 85 [2008] ; People v. Siriani, 27 A.D.3d 670, 670, 811 N.Y.S.2d 127 [2006], lv. denied 6 N.Y.3d 898, 817 N.Y.S.2d 633, 850 N.E.2d 680 [2006] ; People v. Booth, 265 A.D.2d 485, 485, 697 N.Y.S.2d 636 [1999], lv. denied 94 N.Y.2d 860, 704 N.Y.S.2d 535, 725 N.E.2d 1097 [1999] ).
Finally, we find that defendant failed to preserve his argument that he was denied the right to a fair trial based on certain comments made by a prospective juror during jury selection. Following the offending comments, County Court excused the juror and defendant did not make any contemporaneous request for relief (see People v. Bruno, 63 A.D.3d 1297, 1299, 880 N.Y.S.2d 777 [2009], lv. denied 13 N.Y.3d 858, 891 N.Y.S.2d 692, 920 N.E.2d 97 [2009] ; People v. Scott, 276 A.D.2d 371, 372, 714 N.Y.S.2d 62 [2000], lv. denied 95 N.Y.2d 968, 722 N.Y.S.2d 486, 745 N.E.2d 407 [2000] ).
ORDERED that the judgment is affirmed.