Opinion
No. 79SA537
Decided April 7, 1980. Rehearing denied April 28, 1980.
Original proceeding in which district attorney filed petition for relief in the nature of prohibition, seeking relief from trial court order to produce for defendant transcript of colloquy between district attorney and grand jury which had returned indictment in three interrelated cases.
Rule Made Absolute
1. INDICTMENT AND INFORMATION — Culmination — Probable Cause Screening. An indictment is the culmination of the probable cause screening process of the grand jury and that procedure functions as a constitutionally adequate substitute for a preliminary hearing.
2. Right to Challenge — Probable Cause — Grand Jury Determination — District Court. A defendant charged by an indictment is granted the further right to challenge the grand jury's determination of probable cause through a district court proceeding.
3. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — Preliminary Hearing — Rules. The Colorado Rules of Criminal Procedure provide for a preliminary hearing only after an information or complaint is filed.
4. Preliminary Hearing — Request — After Indictment — Not Authorized. A defendant's request for a preliminary hearing after an indictment has been returned is not authorized.
5. GRAND JURY — Discovery Rights — Liberal — Automatic Access — Negative. Liberal discovery rights which have been granted to criminal defendants do not guarantee automatic access to everything that transpires before the grand jury.
6. Evidence — Examination Basis — Probable Cause to Indict. An examination of evidence before the grand jury is the basis for determining probable cause to indict.
7. Change — Regulate or Abolish — Constitution — General Assembly. Article II, section 23 of the Colorado Constitution grants the general assembly the power to change, regulate or abolish the grand jury system.
8. Indictment — Motions to Test — Basis — Record — Argument — Statute. Section 16-5-204(4)(n), C.R.S. 1973, provides that motions to test the validity of a grand jury indictment must be based solely on the record and argument of counsel unless there is cause shown for the need for additional evidence; however, term "record" within meaning of statute did not include transcript of portions of grand jury proceedings that involved colloquy between district attorney and grand jury, for purpose of determining whether transcript of colloquy would be made available to defendant for preparation of motion for dismissal due to improper conduct of district attorney.
9. Transcript — Need — Abuse — Court — Conduct Inquiry — Materiality — Defense. In determining whether trial court abused its discretion in finding that cause was shown by defendant for need for transcript of portions of grand jury proceedings that involved colloquy between district attorney and grand jury, reviewing court must conduct an inquiry pursuant to statute requiring a showing of materiality to preparation of defense.
10. Colloquy — District Attorney — Defendant — Availability — Negative — — Error of Court — Statute. While district court was acting within its province in examining colloquy between district attorney and grand jury to determine if grand jury proceedings were properly conducted, the showing made by the defense, in instant case, did not establish cause or need to produce the colloquy as required by section 16-5-204(4)(n), C.R.S. 1973; therefore, district court erred in ordering that colloquy be made available to defendant for consideration of his motion for preliminary hearing and for dismissal due to improper conduct of district attorney.
11. Colloquy — District Attorney — Basis — Overturning Indictment — Disclosure to Defense — Proper. When a trial court conducts an in camera inspection of a transcript containing the colloquy between the district attorney and the grand jury, and concludes that there is more than a speculative basis for overturning an indictment because of improper conduct by the district attorney in securing a true bill, the colloquy may be disclosed to defense counsel.
12. Colloquy — Defense — Release — Clear — Inappropriate Conduct by District Attorney. Only in those cases where clear examples of inappropriate conduct by district attorney may affect validity of defendant's indictment or determination of probable cause should trial court sacrifice confidentiality of grand jury proceeding and release transcript of grand jury colloquy to defense counsel.
Original Proceeding
Dale Tooley, District Attorney, O. Otto Moore, Assistant, Brooke Wunnicke, Chief Appellate Deputy, David R. Purdy, Deputy, for petitioner.
James M. Leventhal, Craig A. Murdock, for respondents.
A petition for relief in the nature of prohibition, which controls three interrelated cases, was filed in this Court by the district attorney pursuant to C.A.R. 21. We issued a rule to show cause and now make the rule absolute.
A seven count indictment was returned against Robert Sunshine and Jerry A. McFarland by the 1978 statutory Denver Grand Jury. The defendant Sunshine was charged in all seven counts and McFarland was named in two counts. The charges contained in the indictment ranged from theft and conspiracy to tampering with witnesses.
After the prosecution provided the defense with a transcript of all testimony before the grand jury, defense counsel petitioned for discovery of the colloquy between the district attorney and the grand jury. The district judge ordered that the colloquy between the grand jury and the district attorney be produced for in camera inspection. Thereafter, the transcript was examined by the district judge, who ordered that the colloquy be made available to the defendant McFarland for consideration of the defense motion for a preliminary hearing and for dismissal due to the improper conduct of the district attorney before the grand jury. The order to produce the colloquy is the basis for this original proceeding.
Although only the order relating to the defendant McFarland's request for production of the transcript containing the colloquy between the district attorney and the grand jury is before us in this proceeding, we have issued a stay ordering the respondent court to refrain from enforcing similar orders relating to defendant Sunshine and other defendants.
The trial court held that the content of the transcript of the colloquy between the district attorney and the grand jury was imperative to the defense counsel's proper preparation of motions pending before the court. The court reasoned that the testimony before the grand jury could be properly evaluated by defense counsel only after the remarks of the district attorney to the grand jury were disclosed. We disagree.
The defendant's assertion of the right to a preliminary hearing after a grand jury has returned an indictment was premised upon the equal-protection rationale set forth in Hawkins v. Superior Court, 22 Cal.3d 584, 150 Cal. Rptr. 435, 586 P.2d 916 (1978). There, the California Supreme Court held that, since an individual charged by information was statutorily granted the right to request a preliminary hearing, it was a denial of equal protection to withhold that right from a defendant charged in a grand jury indictment. We do not elect to follow the California rule.
[1-4] In our view, an indictment is the culmination of the probable cause screening process of the grand jury and that procedure functions as a constitutionally adequate substitute for a preliminary hearing. Section 16-5-204(4)(j), C.R.S. 1973 (now in 1978 Repl. Vol. 8). In addition, a defendant charged by an indictment is granted the further right to challenge the grand jury's determination of probable cause through a district court proceeding. See section 16-5-204(4)(k), C.R.S. 1973 (now in 1978 Repl. Vol. 8). Our rules provide for a preliminary hearing only after an information or complaint is filed. Crim. P. 5(a)(4), 5(c)(4). Thus, we hold the defendant's request for a preliminary hearing after an indictment has been returned is not authorized. Such a request, or motion, could not provide a foundation for the trial court's order for delivery of a transcript of the colloquy.
[5] The particularized need requirements for discovery of grand jury proceedings were created by the Supreme Court of the United States in interpreting Rule 6(e), Fed.R.Crim.P. Dennis v. United States, 384 U.S. 855, 86 S.Ct. 1840, 16 L.Ed.2d 973 (1966); Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company v. United States, 360 U.S. 395, 79 S.Ct. 1237, 3 L.Ed.2d 1323 (1959). A defendant, however, has broader discovery rights in Colorado than he does in the federal courts. See Crim. P. 16; Granbery v. District Court, 187 Colo. 316, 531 P.2d 390 (1975); People ex rel. Shinn v. District Court, 172 Colo. 23, 469 P.2d 732 (1970); Parlapiano v. People, 176 Colo. 521, 491 P.2d 965 (1971). Nevertheless, the liberal discovery rights which have been granted to a defendant in Colorado do not guarantee automatic access to everything that transpires before the grand jury.
[6] An examination of evidence before the grand jury is the basis for determining probable cause to indict. People v. Summers, 197 Colo. 445, 593 P.2d 969 (1979). Rarely will the actions of the district attorney provide a basis for challenging the grand jury's true bill. Cf. State v. Fisher, 112 N.J. Super. 319, 271 A.2d 24 (1970).
The absence of evidence before the grand jury, other than hearsay, will not cause the grand jury's determination of probable cause to be set aside in most instances. Costello v. United States, 350 U.S. 359, 76 S.Ct. 406, 100 L.Ed.2d 397 (1956). Compare, Hunter v. District Court, 190 Colo. 48, 543 P.2d 1265 (1975). When a perceiving witness is available, however, that witness should be presented to the grand jury to establish probable cause. McDonald v. District Court, 195 Colo. 159, 576 P.2d 169 (1978); United States v. Arcuri, 405 F.2d 691 (2d Cir. 1968).
[7] In de'Sha v. Reed, 194 Colo. 367, 572 P.2d 821 (1977), we interpreted Rules 6 and 16 Crim. P., and recognized that Article II, section 23 of the Colorado Constitution grants to the general assembly the power to change, regulate or abolish the grand jury system. The general assembly has specified forms and regulations for the grand jury process in Article 5 of Chapter 16. Section 16-5-204(4)(k), C.R.S. 1973 (now in 1978 Repl. Vol. 8) provides:
"(k) The district court before which the indicted defendant is to be tried shall dismiss any indictment of the grand jury if such district court finds, upon the filing of a motion by the indicted defendant based upon the grand jury record without argument or further evidence, that the grand jury finding of probable cause is not supported by the record."
[8,9] Section 16-5-204(4)(n), C.R.S. 1973 (now in 1978 Repl. Vol. 8), provides that motions to test the validity of a grand jury indictment must be based solely on the record and argument of counsel "unless there is cause shown for the need for additional evidence." Because we do not construe the term "record" to include a transcript of the portions of the grand jury proceedings that involved the colloquy between the district attorney and the grand jury, we must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in determining that cause was shown. Such an inquiry must be conducted pursuant to section 16-5-204(4)(n) and its corollary Crim. P. 16(e)(1) which requires a showing of materiality to the preparation of the defense.
[10] After a careful review of the sealed record containing the transcript of the grand jury colloquy, we have concluded that ordering the disclosure of the colloquy to defense counsel was an abuse of discretion. Although the confidential nature of the colloquy forecloses a detailed explanation, the transcript contains no statements by the district attorney that would constitute potential grounds for establishing the absence of probable cause to indict the defendant because of improper conduct of the district attorney. While the district court was acting within its province in examining the colloquy between the district attorney and the grand jury to determine if the grand jury proceedings were properly conducted, the showing made by the defense in this case did not establish cause or need to produce the colloquy as required by section 16-5-204(4)(n), C.R.S. 1973. In our view, nothing transpired before the grand jury which would justify an intrusion into grand jury proceedings beyond the specified limits of section 16-5-204, C.R.S. 1973 (now in 1978 Repl. Vol. 8).
The district attorney is permitted and by statute directed to appear and advise the grand jury. Section 20-1-106, C.R.S. 1973 (now in 1978 Repl. Vol. 8).
[11,12] When a trial court conducts an in camera inspection of a transcript containing the colloquy between the district attorney and the grand jury, and concludes that there is more than a speculative basis for overturning an indictment because of improper conduct by the district attorney in securing a true bill, the colloquy may be disclosed to defense counsel. Ultimately, however, the court must recognize that such a motion requires the weighing of a number of conflicting factors, including the traditional requirement that grand jury proceedings be conducted in secrecy. While the defendant's need for access to all materials relevant to his defense should be given great weight, the trial judge must also consider the grand jury's right and need for confidentiality. Only in those cases where clear examples of inappropriate conduct by the district attorney may affect the validity of the defendant's indictment or the determination of probable cause, should the trial court sacrifice the confidentiality of the grand jury proceedings and release a transcript of the grand jury colloquy to defense counsel.
In Parlapiano v. District Court, supra, we stated: "Secrecy for secrecy's sake should no longer be the rule in Colorado. Rather, the maintenance of the wall of secrecy around grand jury testimony should be grounded upon sound reason . . . . The cloak of secrecy thwarts an indicted defendant's efforts to show necessity and relevancy even when they exist."
Accordingly, the rule to show cause is made absolute.
JUSTICE GROVES does not participate.