Opinion
Docket Nos. 134296, 134297.
Decided April 15, 1991, at 9:15 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, Wesley J. Nykamp, Prosecuting Attorney, and Mark A. Feyen, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, in Docket No. 134296, and John D. O'Hair, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy A. Baughman, Chief of the Criminal Division, Research Training and Appeals, and Olga Agnello, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, in Docket No. 134297, for the people.
David A. Kallman, and Michael P. Farris, and Christopher J. Klicka, of the Home School Legal Defense Ass'n, for defendants.
Amicus Curiae:
Mark Brewer ( Paul Denenfeld, of Counsel), for the ACLU Fund of Michigan.
Before: DOCTOROFF, P.J., and MAHER and MARILYN KELLY, JJ.
ON REMAND
On remand from our Supreme Court, we have been asked to reconsider our opinion in People v DeJonge, 179 Mich. App. 225; 449 N.W.2d 899 (1989). People v DeJonge, 436 Mich. 874 (1990). We have undertaken the reconsideration in light of recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court and our Supreme Court's decision in Dep't of Social Services v Emmanuel Baptist Preschool, 434 Mich. 380; 455 N.W.2d 1 (1990). We once again affirm defendants' convictions of violating the state compulsory school attendance law. MCL 380.1561; MSA 15.41561; MCL 380.1599; MSA 15.41599.
At issue is the question whether the state's requirement that nonpublic schools use state certificated teachers violates the DeJonges' right to free exercise of religion. Also at issue is the Bennetts' right to direct the education of their children.
In our previous opinion we concluded that the burden imposed on the religious beliefs of Mrs. DeJonge was minimal. Mrs. DeJonge did not believe that her religion prohibited her from hiring certificated teachers, and she failed to show she could not hire a certificated teacher who met her qualifications. DeJonge, 235. In addition, this state has a compelling interest in the quality of the education of its citizens which justifies the burden imposed on Mrs. DeJonge's religious beliefs.
We held, also, that the burden imposed on Mr. DeJonge's religious beliefs is much greater, as he believes it sinful to submit to state authority and employ certificated teachers. However, the state's compelling interest in the education of children raised within its boundaries justifies the burden imposed. We also concluded that the certification requirement was the least obtrusive means of achieving the state's interest. Since Mr. DeJonge believes that all state authority is a sin, there is no alternative for the state that would be less obtrusive. DeJonge, 235, 237.
The most recent United States Supreme Court case involving the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment is Employment Div, Dep't of Human Resources v Smith, 494 US ___; 110 S Ct 1595; 108 L Ed 2d 876, 885-887 (1990). The majority there held that criminal laws which effectively burden a particular religious practice need not be justified by a compelling state interest if they are generally applicable and religion-neutral. The rule may not apply where constitutional protections in addition to the Free Exercise Clause are involved. Id., 108 L Ed 2d 887.
The instant case falls within the exception to the rule. It involves both the right of parents to direct the education of their children and the free exercise of religion. Thus, Employment Div is not applicable and does not alter our prior holding that the burden in this case must be justified by some compelling state interest.
We consider next our Supreme Court's memorandum opinion in Emmanuel. There, the Court required the state not to enforce licensure requirements of the childcare organization act upon the program director of a preschool. MCL 722.111 et seq.; MSA 25.358(11) et seq. The Court held that the regulatory requirements violated the free exercise of defendants' religious beliefs. Emmanuel, 388-389.
The defendants in Emmanuel challenged the state's requirement that a program director complete classes in child development, child psychology or early childhood education and graduate from an accredited institution. Defendants' director did not meet the requirements. It was defendants' practice to select their preschool program director from a fundamentalist Christian college, because such colleges teach a philosophy of education based on the Bible. Some of these colleges forgo accreditation because of religious beliefs. Emmanuel, 443.
In his concurring opinion, Justice CAVANAGH stated that the regulation imposed a burden on the defendants' exercise of their religious beliefs. He assumed the state had a compelling interest in imposing minimal educational standards on preschool teachers. However he concluded that the regulation was not the least restrictive means of accomplishing the state's interest. The evidence suggested that the Department of Social Services had developed an alternative test to determine the sufficiency of a program director's educational credentials. On that basis, he found the regulation violated the free exercise of defendants' religious beliefs. Emmanuel, 415-417.
Justice GRIFFIN wrote a concurring opinion joined by Justices RILEY and LEVIN. They concluded that the DSS had failed to show a compelling reason for its refusal to recognize an exemption from the accreditation requirement in this case. They held that the requirement was unconstitutional as applied to those defendants. Emmanuel, 445-446.
Justices BOYLE, BRICKLEY and ARCHER did not reach the merits of this issue, because they found that the claim was not ripe for review. The DSS had not threatened to enjoin operation of the day-care center as a result of the program director's failure to comply with the regulation. Emmanuel, 471-472.
We find the facts of Emmanuel are clearly distinguishable from those in the case at bar. This case involves the credentials of teachers of elementary and secondary school children. We believe the state has a compelling interest in the education of children old enough to be subject to the state's compulsory school attendance law. MCL 380.1561(2); MSA 14.41561(2). See Sheridan Road Baptist Church v Dep't of Education, 426 Mich. 462, 478-482; 396 N.W.2d 373 (1986), cert den 481 U.S. 1050 (1987). Emmanuel involved the credentials of the program director of a preschool and day-care center. The children were not required by the state to attend any school. The program director was not directly responsible for teaching them. See Emmanuel, 438-439.
In addition, there is no evidence that a less restrictive means of achieving the state's interest is available in this case. The alternative proposed in Emmanuel, individual examination of each director, is not feasible in the case of teachers. Moreover, since Mr. DeJonge opposes all state involvement in the education of his children, this alternative would impose just as great a burden on his religious beliefs. Accordingly, we reaffirm the DeJonges' convictions.
We also reaffirm the Bennetts' convictions. The Bennetts objected to the regulation solely on the ground that it violated their Fourteenth Amendment right to direct the education of their children. We have already concluded that the teacher certification requirement satisfies the strictest standard of review. Therefore, we would also find that the state's regulation bears a rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose. See DeJonge, 238.
Affirmed.