Summary
In People v Chinn, 141 Mich. App. 92, 97; 366 N.W.2d 83 (1985), this Court found that Chinn's erratic driving supported a "reasonable suspicion that the defendant had ingested more alcohol than allowed under state law."
Summary of this case from People v. ChristieOpinion
Docket No. 77268.
Decided February 20, 1985. Leave to appeal applied for.
Barbara J. Roberts, Assistant City Attorney, for the people.
Eugene Lumberg, for defendant.
Defendant appeals on leave granted from his misdemeanor conviction of operating a motor vehicle under the influence of intoxicating liquor.
City of Troy Police Officer Robert Redmond testified at trial that on January 4, 1983, he observed a red 1979 Pontiac swerve onto the left shoulder of the I-75 freeway. Officer Redmond followed the vehicle for 2-1/2 miles, during which time he noticed further erratic driving. In addition, the car accelerated to 70 miles per hour while negotiating a 50 miles-per-hour curve.
Officer Redmond stopped the vehicle at an exit ramp, and the defendant exited from the car to meet the officer. The officer indicated that defendant had a strong odor of intoxicants on his breath and that his eyes were glassy and bloodshot. Without informing defendant of his Miranda rights, Officer Redmond asked the defendant whether he had been drinking. Defendant replied affirmatively, and when asked how much he had to drink, defendant stated "too much". After failing several sobriety tests, defendant was arrested and taken to the police station, where a Breathalyzer test indicated a blood-alcohol level of .16 percent.
Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).
On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress testimony concerning the replies to Officer Redmond's roadside questioning. Defendant argues that the trial court mistakenly believed that persons in custody for misdemeanor offenses need not be informed of their Miranda rights, and cites the recent United States Supreme Court decision in Berkemer v McCarty, 468 US ___; 104 S Ct 3138; 82 L Ed 2d 317 (1984), in support. Our review of this record and the Berkemer decision convinces us that the defendant's claim of error should be rejected.
At the outset, we cannot accept the defendant's claim that his motion was denied in the belief that the Miranda rule is inapplicable to misdemeanor offenses. Although the trial judge admitted to being uncertain of the law on this point, he specifically stated that this issue did not have an effect on his ruling. Rather, the lower court concluded that the very purpose of the questioning was to determine whether a crime had been committed. Under these circumstances, the trial court believed the Miranda rule was inapplicable, and thus denied the motion to suppress defendant's roadside statements.
We affirm the trial court's denial of the motion to suppress. In doing so, we rely entirely on Berkemer v McCarty, supra, cited by defendant to support his position. The facts of Berkemer are nearly identical to the present case in all material respects. There, the Ohio State Highway Patrol stopped a car which was observed weaving in and out of the highway lane. As here, the Berkemer defendant was asked if he had been drinking, to which he replied that he had consumed two beers and smoked several joints of marijuana. Berkemer, 104 S Ct 3142.
The United States Supreme Court initially ruled that the safeguards prescribed by Miranda are entirely applicable where the accused has allegedly committed a misdemeanor traffic offense. 104 S Ct 3148. Nonetheless, the Court found that the police officer's roadside questioning did not constitute a "custodial interrogation" and thus the Miranda rule had not been triggered. Rather, the traffic stop was held to be more analogous to a " Terry stop" than a formal arrest due to the similarly noncoercive aspects of the two. For example, "the detention of a motorist pursuant to a traffic stop is presumptively temporary and brief", and in the majority of cases does in fact last only a few minutes. 104 S Ct 3149. Further, since the traffic stop occurs in public view and is conducted by at most two officers, the danger that the detainee might "speak where he would not otherwise do so freely" is at a minimum. 104 S Ct 3149-3150.
Terry v Ohio, 392 U.S. 1; 88 S Ct 1868; 20 L Ed 2d 889 (1968).
As in Berkemer, the facts of this case strongly support the conclusion that Officer Redmond was under no obligation to inform the defendant of his Miranda rights prior to conducting the roadside questioning. The questioning occurred within minutes of the stop, at a time when the officer had an insufficient basis for concluding that the defendant was operating his automobile under the influence of intoxicants. Just as is involved in the typical Terry stop, the defendant's erratic driving supported only a reasonable suspicion that the defendant had ingested more alcohol than allowed under state law. Further, defendant was never informed prior to the questioning that he was under arrest or that the detention would be other than brief. Thus, just as in Berkemer, even if Officer Redmond intended to arrest the defendant from the outset, this fact would not automatically trigger the applicability of the Miranda rule since "[a] policeman's unarticulated plan has no bearing on the question whether a suspect was `in custody' at a particular time; the only relevant inquiry is how a reasonable man in the suspect's position would have understood his situation". 104 S Ct 3152. Since the facts before us cannot reasonably be distinguished from those presented in Berkemer, we conclude that the defendant was not in custody for the purposes of the Miranda rule, and thus the trial court correctly denied defendant's motion to suppress his responses to Officer Redmond's questions.
Defendant also claims to have received ineffective assistance from his attorney. This argument is based upon the representation that the arresting officer failed at trial to identify the defendant as the driver of the automobile in question. The defense counsel moved to dismiss the charges on this basis after the jury retired for deliberations, but the motion was denied on the grounds that defendant had taken the stand and admitted to having been the driver of the car. The trial judge also noted that the motion should have been brought at the close of the prosecution's proofs, in which case the option to reopen the proofs to correct the defect would have existed. Defendant thus argues on appeal that the failure to bring a timely motion to dismiss constituted the ineffective assistance of counsel, pursuant to People v Garcia, 398 Mich. 250; 247 N.W.2d 547 (1976).
At the outset, we note that at the close of the prosecution's case a motion for directed verdict, rather than a motion to dismiss the charges as argued by defendant, would have been the appropriate course of action. Further, we fail to see any merit to this claim since the record reveals that defendant was indeed identified as the driver of the car stopped by Officer Redmond. While testifying, the officer repeatedly referred to defendant by name. When asked what led him to believe that defendant was driving the car, the witness responded: "I could see him when we got on at Fourteen Mile Road[,] that there was a male driving, female on the passenger side of the car." We also note that the identity of the driver was never in question at trial. Therefore, a motion for directed verdict for failure to establish the elements of the charge would surely have been denied. The defense counsel's failure to so move could not have affected the defendant's chances for acquittal, and thus the ineffective assistance claim is rejected.
Affirmed.