People v. Boston

Full title: THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SYLVESTER…

Court: Appellate Court of Illinois FIFTH DIVISION

Date published: Mar 31, 2017

2017 Ill. App. 140369 (Ill. App. Ct. 2017)

Opinion

No. 1-14-0369

03-31-2017

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SYLVESTER BOSTON, Defendant-Appellant.

JUSTICE REYES delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County No. 06 C6 60650 Honorable Charles P. Burns, Judge Presiding. JUSTICE REYES delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Gordon and Justice Lampkin concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 Following a jury trial, defendant Sylvester Boston was convicted of first degree murder in connection with the fatal stabbing of Steven Moore, Sr. (Moore) and sentenced to 50 years' imprisonment. On appeal, defendant contends (1) the admission of preliminary hearing testimony of a key eyewitness violated the confrontation clause¹ and the Illinois Rules of Evidence, (2) the trial court erred in allowing the State to introduce defendant's prior conviction for possession of contraband in a penal institution, (3) the State's improper comments on defendant's postarrest silence warrant a new trial, (4) defendant was denied his right to a properly instructed jury where the court failed to clarify Illinois law on self-defense in response to a jury note, (5) defendant's right to a unanimous jury verdict was violated where a juror expressly dissented during the polling of the jury, and (6) defendant's trial counsel was ineffective for failing to preserve certain issues for appellate review. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court in its entirety.

1 The sixth amendment to the United States Constitution provides that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right *** to be confronted with the witnesses against him." U.S. Const., amend. VI. "This portion of the sixth amendment is known as the confrontation clause and applies to the states through the fourteenth amendment." People v. Barner, 2015 IL 116949, ¶ 40. See U.S. Const., amend. XIV.

¶ 2 BACKGROUND

¶ 3 Pretrial Matters

¶ 4 During a preliminary hearing on June 29, 2006, the State called Grace Sharp, Moore's mother, who testified as follows. On June 24, 2006, she was in her residence on the 14500 block of University Avenue in Dolton with defendant and Moore. Defendant was a friend of Steven Moore, Jr. (Steven), Sharp's grandson and Moore's son. Sharp had known defendant since he was a teenager. Defendant had asked to stay with Sharp for a "couple of days" prior to commencing Job Corps. He stayed in an upstairs bedroom in her raised ranch, and 51-year-old Moore lived in the basement. ¶ 5 On the day of the incident, Sharp did not hear any "words of conflict" between Moore and defendant. According to Sharp, "[t]hey were just talking about the job corp [sic] and things like that." In the early evening hours, she heard a "ruffling, scuffling noise" coming from the basement "as if kids were wrestling or playing or something." As she headed downstairs toward the basement to direct them to "stop the noise," she heard her son say, "Ma, call the police, call the police." Moore was calling to her but was not screaming. ¶ 6 Sharp initially did not contact the police. She instead went downstairs, where she observed defendant on top of Moore, stabbing him. She pulled defendant by the neck of his shirt but was unable to "pull him off." After defendant made eye contact with Sharp, he continued stabbing Moore. Sharp attempted to strike him with a plastic milk crate. Defendant, however, knocked the crate out of her hand and continued stabbing Moore. She then went upstairs and dialed 911. ¶ 7 On cross-examination, Sharp testified that she was not aware that either Moore or defendant had consumed alcohol. She indicated that her son had previously used drugs but "didn't anymore." She did not notice any weapon near Moore, testifying, "I wasn't looking around. I was getting [defendant] off of my son." According to Sharp, defendant had reflexively swung at her to "get away or whatever," but she did not recall seeing a knife in his hand. She was scratched but was not cut. Sharp testified that defendant did not attempt to prevent her from returning upstairs. ¶ 8 After Sharp's testimony, the State called Detective Crudup from the Dolton police department, who had attended Moore's autopsy. Following the preliminary hearing, defendant was charged by information with two counts of first degree murder. ¶ 9 In September 2013, defendant filed a motion in limine to bar the admission of the preliminary hearing testimony of Sharp, who died in 2008. Defendant argued that he would be deprived of his right to confront his accuser because "there was no meaningful cross-examination" of Sharp. Defendant also filed a motion in limine to introduce evidence of Moore's violent nature, including his guilty pleas to charges of domestic battery and resisting a police officer. After a hearing, the circuit court denied the motion to bar Sharp's preliminary hearing testimony but permitted the defense to present certified copies of Moore's convictions. ¶ 10 The State filed a motion in limine seeking, among other things, to introduce evidence regarding defendant's criminal history for impeachment purposes, i.e., his conviction for possession of contraband in a penal institution.² After conducting a balancing test, the trial court concluded that "the probative value does, in fact, outweigh any prejudicial effect." The trial court indicated its willingness to give a "limiting instruction immediately upon the introduction of the certified copy of conviction or if [defendant] is going to front it first if he testifies."

2 We previously affirmed this conviction. See People v. Boston, 2016 IL App (1st) 133497.

¶ 11 Trial Testimony

¶ 12 Steven testified that his childhood home was on University Avenue in Dolton, where he had lived with his brother, Sharp, and Moore. In June 2006, 22-year-old Steven attended school in DeKalb. When he periodically returned to Dolton, he would stay at the University Avenue residence. According to Steven, Moore stayed in the basement. ¶ 13 Steven had known defendant since junior high school, and defendant spent significant amounts of time at Steven's home during their teenage years. At one point, Steven and defendant had a dance group, and they frequently practiced in Steven's basement. Steven characterized defendant's interactions with Moore as "[r]espectful," and he never observed any physical or verbal altercation between the two. ¶ 14 On the weekend of June 17, 2006, Steven had returned to Dolton and observed defendant walking. Steven exited his vehicle and conversed with defendant. According to Steven, defendant "seemed as if he was having some issues." Steven suggested that defendant stay with Sharp and Moore for a couple of days to "clear his head and figure out his next move." The following weekend, Steven hosted a barbecue in DeKalb, where his father and defendant were expected but ultimately did not arrive. After receiving a telephone call from Sharp, who sounded "[v]ery frightened," Steven rushed to Dolton, where he discovered police at Sharp's residence. ¶ 15 Steven testified that Moore had been using drugs, up to the time of his death. He described his father's demeanor after drug use as "[t]ypically relaxed" and "[c]alm" and never violent. Prior to the weekend of June 17, 2006, Steven had not seen defendant in two or three years. When asked whether defendant had maintained contact with Sharp and Moore, Steven responded, "Not to my knowledge." On cross-examination, Steven confirmed that defendant had a good relationship with Sharp and called her "Granny." During Steven's time in high school, his father would sporadically stay at the University Avenue residence. Steven testified that he did not know what type of drugs his father used. ¶ 16 Officer Steven Curry of the Dolton police department testified that he was on duty with his partner, Officer Timothy McPherson, on the evening of June 24, 2006.³ Curry was in plain clothes but was wearing body armor with his star. After receiving a call regarding a stabbing, Curry and McPherson drove to the house on the 14500 block of University Avenue. The partners exited their vehicle and walked to an open door on the side of the residence. Upon arriving at the door, Curry observed an elderly woman standing on a landing with stairs leading up to the kitchen and down to the basement. The woman did not speak to Curry. ¶ 17 The officers entered the home and heard "some commotion downstairs." Curry walked in front of McPherson down the stairs. As he reached the bottom of the stairs, Curry observed an "entranceway to the basement but it was covered by a curtain or some kind of partition they had up against it or covering it." Curry testified, "We stopped and we start listening and it sounded like to me somebody was getting stabbed." He described the sound as "a squishing, a repeatedly [sic] like a chi, chi, chi, chi." Curry did not hear anyone speaking. He drew his weapon and instructed McPherson to pull back the curtain. ¶ 18 Curry then observed defendant straddled over Moore. Moore was laying on his back and was not moving. Although defendant looked at Curry, he did not speak to the officers. Curry raised his firearm, and defendant "immediately jumped up and ran around an area of the basement where [Curry] couldn't see." Curry testified that "at that point, I told McPherson let's go back upstairs and call him out and that's what we did." Curry and McPherson walked upstairs, returning to "the doorway, halfway in the door, halfway out in the driveway." Another police officer who had arrived, Officer Bankhead, walked downstairs with his firearm drawn. Curry then viewed defendant, who he identified in court. ¶ 19 Bankhead walked up the stairs backwards, with his firearm pointed at defendant. According to Curry, Bankhead "guided" defendant and "told him to come on." Defendant's hands were covered in blood. When Bankhead was able to move out of the way, Curry and McPherson grabbed defendant; Curry opined that defendant "looked like he might run or something." Defendant "fell down inside of the house," and the officers dragged him outside. After defendant "tussled" with the officers "a little bit," they subdued and handcuffed him. Curry testified that he noticed a knife on the ground in the driveway "[r]ight there" where defendant was placed under arrest. Curry also testified regarding various photographs, including one depicting defendant's sole injury: a cut on his right arm. ¶ 20 On cross-examination, Curry could not recall the number of stabs he heard. When he pulled back the curtain at the bottom of the stairs, Curry neither noticed a weapon in defendant's hand nor directed him to drop any weapon. He also testified that Sharp had a portable oxygen tank but otherwise appeared uninjured. ¶ 21 Dr. Mitra Kalelkar, a retired medical examiner qualified as an expert in forensic pathology, testified that Moore was dead on arrival at the hospital. While performing his autopsy, Kalelkar observed that most of Moore's injuries were "incised wounds," i.e., "a superficial slashing, cutting type of wound that is inflicted with a sharp instrument, such as a knife or a razor blade." She also observed a single stab wound to his chest, on his back, that fatally perforated his right lung and his heart. Moore's other injuries included blunt trauma to his forehead, multiple wounds in and around his eyes and eyelids, human bite marks, and a suction hematoma, i.e., "somebody sucking the skin." Kalelkar characterized certain injuries as possible defensive injuries that Moore may have sustained while attempting to ward off blows. ¶ 22 The assistant State's Attorney (ASA) tendered to Kalelkar certain knives recovered from the crime scene. Kalelkar testified that specific knives could have caused particular wounds on Moore's body. She opined that Moore died as a result of the stab wound to his chest and multiple incised wounds and that the manner of death was homicide. A toxicology examination revealed that Moore's blood tested positive for cocaine and "very little" morphine. On cross-examination, Kalelkar testified that cocaine is an "intoxicating compound," and the presence of metabolized cocaine in Moore's system indicated that "he had been taking cocaine for awhile." She also confirmed that it was possible that certain injuries sustained by Moore could have resulted from "getting scratched by a butter knife" while wrestling with another individual. Kalelkar acknowledged that she did not definitively know which knife caused Moore's injuries, although one of the knives shown to her was consistent with his deep stab wound. ¶ 23 A sergeant from the Illinois State Police (ISP) who processed the crime scene testified, in part, regarding the recovery of three knives from the basement and one knife from the driveway. He confirmed that there appeared to be a "struggle" as there was a blood-like substance "on a lot of different places down in the basement." ¶ 24 Two ISP forensic scientists testified regarding the testing of various stains from the knives, the floor, and defendant's clothing using Moore's blood and defendant's buccal sample. Jaime Bartolotta, one of the scientists, testified that he was unable to make comparisons with respect to stains on one of the knives. For a second knife, Moore could not be excluded from the partial human male DNA profile found on the knife blade, whereas defendant could not be excluded from the human male DNA profile found on the handle of the knife. Neither Moore nor defendant could be excluded from the mixture of DNA profiles found on the remaining two knives; Moore was identified as likely the "major profile," or more significant contributor, with respect to one of those knives. ¶ 25 When the bloodstains from defendant's clothing were tested, Bartolotta found a "mixture of two people." The major profile matched Moore. Bartolotta further testified that Moore's profile matched swabs taken from three out of four locations in the residence. Defendant's DNA did not match any of the swabs taken from the residence, although he could not be excluded from one minor type of one of the swabs.⁴ ¶ 26 Officer Anthony Bankhead testified that he was in uniform on June 24, 2006, when he responded to a call. After speaking with McPherson and Curry, he entered the house and walked down the stairs to the basement. He observed defendant—who he identified in court—and ordered him to put his hands up. Defendant complied and walked toward Bankhead. Backing up the stairs, Bankhead walked defendant up the stairs to the doorway. Bankhead testified that defendant "had blood on him" and "it looked like it was blood on his hands dripping." ¶ 27 At the landing, Bankhead stepped out of the house and encouraged defendant to "come further out the door." According to Bankhead, defendant fell on the landing and "McPherson and Curry grabbed him by his hand and brought him out of the house and eventually cuffed him." Bankhead recalled that it "wasn't easy to cuff" defendant. Bankhead testified that there was no blood on the landing, stairs, or driveway when he first entered the residence. ¶ 28 The State's next witness was the ASA who had conducted the preliminary hearing. She testified that a preliminary hearing was conducted five days after Moore's death because "it was the practice" to preserve the testimony of elderly or ill witnesses through a preliminary hearing. Sharp's testimony from the preliminary hearing was published to the jury. On cross-examination during the trial, defense counsel asked, "So it's fair to say that much discovery or anything that could have been developed from any investigation for you to decide hadn't been developed yet, is that correct?' The ASA responded, "I don't know what reports were prepared within the five days." A certified death certificate for Sharp was admitted into evidence. At the conclusion of the State's case-in-chief, the trial court denied defendant's motion for a directed verdict. ¶ 29 Defendant testified that he did not complete 11th grade due to the death of his mother. He instead went to barber college and was working as a barber in June 2006. He considered Sharp—who he called "Granny"—to be "like a second mother." Defendant periodically helped Sharp with chores; he testified she moved slowly because she was on an oxygen machine. ¶ 30 On June 23, 2006, defendant went to Sharp's residence. He was leaving for Job Corps in early July and wished to spend time with her and help around the house. He stayed over at her house in an upstairs guest room on the night of June 23. Moore—the father of defendant's friend Steven—and Sharp's grandson Nicholas were also in the home. Defendant testified that he had never "really talk[ed] to" Moore and "didn't know him personally." ¶ 31 Defendant was awaken on the morning of June 24, 2006, by the noise Moore was making when he was "fumbling" and "messing with" his bags. Defendant's bags contained clothing and his professional clippers. Defendant told Sharp what had transpired earlier and then proceeded to prepare breakfast for her. While he was cooking, Moore came upstairs behind defendant. Defendant testified, "He told me you going to do what I want to you do [sic], you're going to give me what I want[.]" Defendant characterized Moore's tone as "mildly aggressive," and defendant "shielded" himself after Moore's remarks. ¶ 32 Sharp then asked defendant to inspect her vehicle and check the fluids. While defendant worked on the vehicle, Moore instructed defendant to move, pushed him and stated, "I don't need you to do anything." Defendant testified that he felt "kind of shocked" and "rejected." After defendant again spoke with Sharp, she and Moore "got into an altercation" regarding the vehicle keys. According to defendant, Moore took the keys from his mother's hands and "told her to give it to him." ¶ 33 Defendant also observed Moore shoving Sharp. As defendant picked up the telephone to dial 911, Moore "snatched" the telephone and took it downstairs into the basement. Defendant decided to "leave out so to let the tension calm down rather than to get into what was going on with [Moore] and [Sharp]." Defendant went to the basement to retrieve clothes from the washing machine. ¶ 34 As defendant gathered his clothes, Moore ran upstairs to the kitchen. Upon returning to the basement, Moore swung a knife at defendant. Defendant raised his hands to "shield it and block it." A photograph of a stab wound on defendant's right arm under his lower wrist was published to the jury, and defendant displayed the mark on his wrist to the jury. Defendant testified that the two then "got into a tussle." ¶ 35 Defendant testified that he cut his own hand as he grabbed the knife from Moore's hand. According to defendant, after he took one knife, Moore pulled out another knife. Defendant did not know from where Moore retrieved the second knife. Defendant grabbed the second knife from Moore. While defendant held him down and the two struggled, Moore grabbed defendant in his groin area. Defendant described his pain as "excruciating." Defendant bit Moore two or three times to force him to release the pressure on defendant's testicles. ¶ 36 Defendant testified that Moore kept aggressively "charging" at him. Moore had a third knife, which defendant again wrestled away from him. Defendant then used the knife to "protect" and "defend" himself. Defendant was unable to stop Moore from coming at him. According to defendant, Moore continued to hold a knife. ¶ 37 Sharp came downstairs and stated "stop it" and "break it up." Defendant testified that Moore continued to come after him, attempting to "hit" defendant with the knife. According to defendant, Moore did not acknowledge his mother's presence. Defendant noticed that Sharp returned upstairs. He testified that when the police officers arrived, he complied with their direction to "come up with your hands up." Defendant further testified that he was trying to defend himself, he feared for his life, and he did not intend to kill Moore. ¶ 38 On cross-examination, defendant testified that although he had spent a significant amount of time at Sharp's residence during his years of friendship with her grandson, he had only "seen" Moore "once." Before his stay on June 23 and 24, 2006, he had not been to Sharp's home for approximately 1½ to 2 years and had "seen" Steven once "a couple months ago." Defendant denied speaking with Moore about Job Corps on June 24, 2006. At the time of the stabbing, defendant was 21 years old. ¶ 39 Defendant testified that although his confrontation with Moore regarding the vehicle occurred between 10:00 a.m. and noon, defendant did not leave at that time. He acknowledged that there were other telephones in Sharp's residence. After Moore took one telephone, defendant did not use another telephone to contact 911. Defendant also testified that Moore shoved his mother before defendant went out to check on Sharp's vehicle. ¶ 40 Defendant testified that between 3:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m., he had decided to leave Sharp's residence. He had planned to drive to Steven's home in DeKalb. Defendant then testified that, at 1:00 p.m. or 2:00 p.m., Moore offered to "smoke something" with him in the basement. Defendant declined and started gathering his clothes. According to defendant, Moore "came at [him] with a knife" before 3:30 p.m. ¶ 41 During cross-examination, defendant was questioned in detail regarding the physical altercation between him and Moore. On recross-examination, the ASA asked, "When you saw the police, you didn't say to them, 'I had to defend myself,' did you?" Defendant responded, "Actually when I came up—yes, I said that yes." ¶ 42 After defendant's testimony, the defense presented certified copies of Moore's misdemeanor convictions for resisting a police officer and for domestic battery. The State called Curry as a rebuttal witness. Curry testified that defendant was placed under arrest in the driveway area of the 14500 University Avenue residence. When defendant's hands were cuffed, Curry observed that they "were so full of blood" that Curry was unable to determine whether he had sustained any knife wounds to his hands. When Curry observed a "cleaned up" defendant the day after the incident, he did not have any wounds on his palms or the backs of his hands. Curry also testified that defendant did not evidence any limping or other difficulty walking when he walked up the stairs from the basement. ¶ 43 Moore's son Steven was also called as a rebuttal witness. Steven estimated that while he was a freshman in high school, his father and defendant interacted "[a]t least once or twice a week." Steven testified that Moore and defendant "would joke around, hey, Mr. Moore, what's going on, Sylvester, that would pretty much be it." After Steven graduated from high school, he did not witness any interaction between his father and defendant. ¶ 44 After Steven's rebuttal testimony, the trial court read a jury instruction: "Evidence of defendant's previous conviction of an offense may be considered by you only as it may affect his believability as a witness and must not be considered by you as any evidence of his guilt of the offense with which he is charged." The ASA then presented a certified copy of defendant's conviction for possession of contraband in a penal institution. ¶ 45 During closing arguments, defendant's counsel argued that he acted in self-defense and sought a finding of not guilty. During rebuttal closing argument, the ASA commented on defendant's silence during his interactions with Sharp and the police. The ASA continued to comment on his silence after the trial court overruled a defense objection. ¶ 46 The jury retired at 6:24 p.m. for deliberations after receiving jury instructions. At approximately 8:13 p.m., the trial judge received a note from the jury stating, "Can self-defense be a mitigating factor? (Definition of mitigating factor is unclear on sheet)." After a colloquy between counsels and the court, the trial judge instructed, "you heard the evidence, you have the instructions of law. Please continue to deliberate." ¶ 47 The jury reached a verdict when they reconvened the following morning. The clerk published the verdict: defendant was found guilty of first degree murder. The twelve jurors, including Mr. Greco, signed the jury verdict finding defendant guilty of first degree murder. The trial court inquired whether the defense wished to have the jury polled, and defense counsel responded affirmatively. The trial court then informed the jury, "I'm going to ask the question and the question is: Was this then and is this now your verdict, and all of you will have to answer out loud." According to the original version of the transcript,⁵ Greco—the fifth juror polled— responded, "No." The other eleven jurors responded in the affirmative. The trial court then stated, "Okay. Has anyone not been asked that question? Okay. The jury has been polled. I'll enter judgment on the verdict." Neither counsel nor the trial judge questioned or commented upon Greco's response, and the jury was discharged. ¶ 48 Defendant filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or, in the alternative, a new trial. At the hearing, defense counsel argued, among other things, that the admission of the preliminary hearing transcript constituted reversible error. The trial court denied the motion. Defendant was sentenced to 50 years' imprisonment. The trial court denied his motion to reconsider sentence, and defendant filed this timely appeal.

3 The trial transcript refers to "June 4, 2006." Such reference appears inaccurate.

4 With respect to fingerprint analysis, the parties stipulated that "within a reasonable degree of forensic scientific certainty there were no latent impressions suitable for comparison on the four knives."

5 As discussed herein, the transcript was subsequently corrected in accordance with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 329. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 329 (eff. Jan. 1, 2006).

¶ 49 ANALYSIS

¶ 50 Defendant raises six primary challenges on appeal. We address each argument in turn.

¶ 51 Admission of Preliminary Hearing Testimony

¶ 52 Defendant contends that the admission of Sharp's testimony from the preliminary hearing violated the confrontation clause and Illinois law where the defense did not have a "meaningful" opportunity to cross-examine Sharp. As the Illinois Supreme Court has recognized, the requirement of a prior, adequate opportunity to cross-examine the absent witness "is at once both an evidentiary and constitutional requisite for admission of former testimony." (Emphasis in original.) People v. Torres, 2012 IL 111302, ¶ 52. See U.S. Const., amend. VI; 725 ILCS 5/115-10.4(d) (West 2012) (providing that a prior statement of a deceased witness that is sought to be admitted pursuant to this section "must have been made by the declarant under oath at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding and been subject to cross-examination by the adverse party"). ¶ 53 "[T]he requirements for admission of former testimony are twofold: the witness from the prior hearing must be unavailable at trial and the defendant must have had an adequate opportunity to effectively cross-examine the witness at the prior hearing." Torres, 2012 IL 111302, ¶ 53. "[P]rior testimony from a preliminary hearing may be admissible at a subsequent trial so long as the two requirements for admission are met." (Emphasis in original.) Id. In the instant case, there is no dispute that Sharp was unavailable at the time of trial. The parties' disagreement centers on the second requirement for admission of her preliminary hearing testimony: whether defendant had an adequate opportunity to cross-examine Sharp. "Whether ample opportunity to cross-examine existed must be decided on a case-by-case basis." People v. Sutherland, 223 Ill. 2d 187, 273 (2006). ¶ 54 Citing People v. Barner, 2015 IL 116949, ¶ 39, defendant contends that claims of evidence admitted in violation of the confrontation clause are "properly reviewed de novo." Defendant further asserts that "[w]hether the admission violates Illinois evidence law is reviewed for an abuse of discretion." See People v. Starks, 2012 IL App (2d) 110273, ¶ 20 (noting that "[a]s a general rule, a trial court's ruling on a motion in limine regarding the introduction or exclusion of evidence is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard"). The State appears to argue that an abuse of discretion standard applies to both the constitutional and evidentiary challenges. We agree. See Torres, 2012 IL 111302, ¶ 47 (noting that "constitutional considerations are inextricably intertwined with the question of admissibility"); People v. Lard, 2013 IL App (1st) 110836, ¶¶ 15-16 (applying abuse of discretion standard where defendant raised arguments regarding the confrontation clause and Illinois evidence law). "A trial court has abused its discretion only when its decision is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable or when no reasonable person would take the court's view." Starks, 2012 IL App (2d) 110273, ¶ 20. Under either standard of review, however, we reach the same result. ¶ 55 Rule 804 of the Illinois Rules of Evidence provides that testimony given by an unavailable witness is not excluded by the hearsay rule if, among other things, "the party against whom the testimony is now offered *** had an opportunity and similar motive to develop the testimony by direct, cross, or redirect examination." Ill. R. Evid. 804 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). See also People v. Rice, 166 Ill. 2d 35, 41 (1995) (noting that "[f]or an opportunity to cross-examine to be considered meaningful, and therefore adequate and effective, the motive and focus of the cross-examination at the time of the initial proceeding must be the same or similar to that which guides the cross-examination during the subsequent proceeding"). "As our supreme court stated in Torres, defense counsel at a preliminary hearing may not have all the information discovery may later disclose; what matters is that defense counsel had a 'fair opportunity' to inquire into a witness's observation, interest, bias, prejudice, and motive." Lard, 2013 IL App (1st) 110836, ¶ 21 (citing Torres, 2012 IL 111302, ¶ 66). ¶ 56 Defendant contends that, in his case, "the motive and focus differed because the central question at the preliminary hearing—was there enough evidence that [defendant] killed Moore to bind him over for trial?—was far removed from the questions ultimately before the jury—did [defendant] act in self-defense, whether reasonable or not, when he killed Moore?" Under the circumstances of this case, however, we do not view the motive and focus of the preliminary hearing as "far removed" from defendant's theories at trial. "The purpose of a preliminary hearing is to determine probable cause that a crime has been committed by the defendant so as to warrant further proceedings." Lard, 2013 IL App (1st) 110836, ¶ 18. "However, the questioning of witnesses in a preliminary hearing and at trial focus on the same issue, namely, 'whether the evidence supports a finding that the defendant committed the charged crime.' " Id. (citing Torres, 2012 IL 111302, ¶ 59). Cf. People v. Brown, 374 Ill. App. 3d 726, 734 (2007) (holding that defense counsel did not have a similar motive for cross-examining the victim at the defendant's bond hearing as he would have had for cross-examination at trial). ¶ 57 Defendant argues on appeal that there was "no incentive to develop the facts that might ultimately lead the jury to a verdict of second-degree murder" and that "futilely press[ing] the self-defense theory" would have provided the State a "dry run" at the case. In the instant case, defense counsel cross-examined Sharp regarding a variety of issues aligned with the self-defense theory ultimately asserted by defendant at trial. For example, defense counsel questioned Sharp regarding, among other things: whether defendant and Moore consumed alcohol; whether Moore used drugs; Sharp's ability to hear a conversation between defendant and Moore prior to their physical confrontation; and her understanding of defendant's whereabouts prior to the altercation. ¶ 58 Defendant contends that, "[h]ad Sharp's testimony come at trial," she would have been questioned regarding "the escalating tension and disputes between [defendant] and Moore throughout the day." Sharp testified during direct examination, however, that she did not hear any conflicts between defendant and her son throughout the day on June 24, 2006. She again answered during cross-examination that she heard "nothing" prior to hearing the two men wrestling in the basement. Although defense counsel had an opportunity and motive to inquire regarding possible conflict earlier in the day—as counsel would have presumably done at trial—Sharp's responses suggest that she was unaware of "the escalating tension and disputes." ¶ 59 The Illinois Supreme Court in Torres, 2012 IL 111302, ¶ 60, held that, depending on the circumstances, "the motive-and-focus test cannot be our sole guide to a resolution." (Emphasis in original.) Our supreme court also considered whether the defendant had the benefit of unlimited cross-examination at the prior proceeding. Id. ¶ 61. In the instant case, defense counsel asked Sharp 34 questions. There is no indication in the record that the court placed any time constraints or other limitations on counsel's ability to cross-examine Sharp. We note that the court sustained the State's sole objection to a question posed by defense counsel: "And as far as you know, had Sylvester been washing his clothes in that area?" Given Sharp's earlier testimony that she thought defendant was in her living room—and in the context of the remainder of the cross-examination—we do not view the sustained objection as having curbed defense counsel's questioning in any significant manner. ¶ 60 The Torres court further observed that "what counsel knows while conducting the cross-examination may, in a given case, impact counsel's ability and opportunity to effectively cross-examine the witness at the prior hearing." (Emphasis in original.) Id. ¶ 62. Although defendant accurately observes that certain evidence was "undisclosed" at the time of the preliminary hearing, we do not share his view regarding the impact of such incomplete discovery. ¶ 61 For example, defendant notes that the toxicology report that established Moore's drug use shortly before his death was not available until the spring of 2007, months after Sharp's testimony in June 2006. During cross-examination, Sharp acknowledged that her son previously used drugs but testified that "he didn't anymore." Although defense counsel presumably would have pressed Sharp on this response if counsel had then received the toxicology report, the fact remains that Sharp apparently believed—albeit incorrectly—that her son no longer used drugs. We further note that the jury heard the medical examiner's trial testimony regarding the presence of cocaine and morphine in Moore's blood, which concretely refuted Sharp's mistaken, but presumably candid, response. ¶ 62 Defendant also contends that Sharp's description of defendant "stabbing and stabbing" Moore "did not match up with the medical evidence, where the medical examiner described a single fatal stab wound to Moore's chest, but several other, 'incised,' slashing wounds." Defense counsel had the opportunity during the preliminary hearing, however, to cross-examine Detective Crudup, who had attended the autopsy. During cross-examination of Crudup, defense counsel asked, in part: "And you said that the cause of death was a stab wound to the chest; is that correct?" Crudup answered affirmatively. Nothing in the record indicates that defense counsel's cross-examination of Crudup regarding the autopsy was constrained in any respect. But cf. id. ¶ 64 (opining that "it is clear from the record that counsel would have done more with the witness at the preliminary hearing if he had felt free to do so"). ¶ 63 Defendant cites Starks, 2012 IL App (2d) 110273, wherein the defendant was convicted of aggravated criminal sexual assault and other offenses. Approximately 20 years after the original trial, the appellate court reversed the trial court's dismissal of the defendant's postconviction petition and remanded the cause for a new trial. Id. ¶ 3. Prior to the commencement of the retrial, the complainant died. Id. ¶ 16. The trial court then granted the defendant's motion in limine to preclude the admission of the complainant's prior testimony. Id. ¶¶ 16-18. ¶ 64 In affirming the judgment of the trial court, the Starks appellate court noted, in part, that the "defendant did not have an adequate opportunity or similar motive to cross-examine complainant," because the defendant had been "provided with incorrect serology test results, did not know about the exculpatory DNA tests, and, based on the 'offensive use of the rape shield statute,' was improperly barred from asking complainant about her prior sexual contact." Id. ¶ 28 (citing People v. Starks, 365 Ill. App. 3d 592, 600 (2006)). The court thus concluded that "the inability of defendant to cross-examine complainant regarding her prior sexual conduct or the exculpatory DNA and serology test results precluded defendant from exposing facts from which the fact finder could have drawn inferences about complainant's reliability and credibility." Id. ¶ 28. Unlike in Starks, the record in this case does not suggest defense counsel's questioning of Sharp was limited by the court or that counsel was provided any incorrect or misleading information. As our supreme court has observed, " 'the Confrontation Clause guarantees an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.' " (Emphasis in original.) People v. Harris, 123 Ill. 2d 113, 144-45 (1988) (quoting Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 20 (1985)). See also People v. Williams, 139 Ill. 2d 1, 19 (1990) (noting that "effective advocacy is not measured by the number of objections raised or the number of pages of cross-examination"). ¶ 65 Defendant further argues that the proper method for the State to preserve Sharp's testimony was an evidence deposition in accordance with Rule 414 of the Illinois Supreme Court Rules. Rule 414(a) provides:

"If it appears to the court in which a criminal charge is pending that the deposition of any person other than the defendant is necessary for the preservation of relevant testimony because of the substantial possibility it would be unavailable at the time of hearing or trial, the court may, upon motion and notice to both parties and their counsel, order the taking of such person's deposition under oral examination or written questions for use as evidence at a hearing or trial." Ill. S. Ct. R. 414(a).

Defendant has not provided any support for the proposition that Rule 414(a) provides the sole proper method for preserving Sharp's testimony. Furthermore, based on defendant's own testimony that "Granny" moved slowly because "she was on an oxygen machine," her advanced age and poor health appears to have been readily apparent. We are unaware of any reason that the defense could not have sought an evidence deposition of Sharp prior to her passing in 2008. ¶ 66 We also view defendant's reliance on People v. Weinke, 2016 IL App (1st) 141196, as misplaced. In Weinke, the trial court granted the State's request for a Rule 414 deposition of the 77-year-old alleged victim—who claimed her son pushed her over a railing—after the ASA represented that she might not survive an impending surgery. Id. ¶¶ 1, 2, 10. At the defendant's bench trial, the State offered the evidence deposition in evidence which was admitted by the trial court, and the defendant was convicted of first degree murder. Id. ¶¶ 25, 28. The Weinke appellate court found, in part, that the ASA had misrepresented the nature and extent of the deponent's injuries. Id. ¶ 51. The appellate court opined, "In these circumstances—where the State is making an extraordinary request and [defense] counsel is at an extraordinary disadvantage—granting the deposition without proof was reversible error." Id. ¶ 53. In the instant case, unlike in Weinke, defendant does not suggest that the ASA made any express misstatements or misrepresentations that influenced the existence or conduct of the preliminary hearing. Furthermore, the Weinke evidence deposition was taken within hours of the court hearing, leaving defense counsel with no time to review the documentation provided by the State or view the crime scene. Id. ¶¶ 61-63. While the preliminary hearing in this case occurred five days after Moore's death, there is no indication that defense counsel lacked an opportunity to visit the crime scene or to otherwise learn the key available facts. ¶ 67 Finally, after reviewing the trial court's comments during the hearing on defendant's motion in limine to bar Sharp's preliminary hearing testimony, the trial court appears to have thoroughly and thoughtfully reviewed the hearing transcript and considered defendant's arguments. We neither view the trial court's decision as "arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable" nor find that "no reasonable person would take the court's view." Starks, 2012 IL App (2d) 110273, ¶ 20. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Sharp's testimony from the preliminary hearing.

¶ 68 Introduction of Prior Conviction

¶ 69 Over defense objection, the State was permitted to introduce defendant's conviction for possession of contraband in a penal institution. See 720 ILCS 5/31A-1.1(b) (West 2010). Defendant contends on appeal that "[u]nlike most offenses in the Criminal Code, a conviction for possession of contraband in a penal institution informs the jury that the accused was incarcerated at the time of his conduct." He thus asserts that "its admission carries a uniquely acute kind of unfair prejudice akin to telling jurors that the accused is currently jailed." ¶ 70 The State initially responds that defendant forfeited this claim by failing to include it in his posttrial motion. See People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 611-12 (2010) (noting that "[t]o preserve a claim for review, a defendant must both object at trial and include the alleged error in a written posttrial motion"). Rule 615(a) of the Illinois Supreme Court Rules provides, in part, that "[p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the trial court." Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a). The "plain-error doctrine allows a reviewing court to consider unpreserved error when (1) a clear or obvious error occurred and the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or obvious error occurred and that error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant's trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence." People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007). Defendant argues that "[b]ecause this was a closely balanced case where the accused's credibility was at issue, this Court should not enforce any forfeiture," i.e., defendant invokes the "first prong" of plain-error review. See Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 613. ¶ 71 We begin plain-error review by determining whether there was, in fact, an error. See id. Pursuant to People v. Montgomery, 47 Ill. 2d 510, 519 (1971), evidence of a witness's prior conviction is admissible to attack his credibility where: "(1) the prior crime was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year, or involved dishonesty or false statement regardless of the punishment, (2) less than 10 years has elapsed since the date of conviction of the prior crime or release of the witness from confinement, whichever is later, and (3) the probative value of admitting the prior conviction outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice." People v. Atkinson, 186 Ill. 2d 450, 456 (1999). See Ill. R. Evid. 609(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 2011) (noting that the court must determine "that the probative value of the evidence of the crime is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice"). When reviewing a trial court's decision to admit a defendant's prior conviction for impeachment purposes, we apply an abuse of discretion standard. Atkinson, 186 Ill. 2d at 463; People v. Williams, 173 Ill. 2d 48, 81 (1996). ¶ 72 In the instant case, there is no dispute that the first two prongs of the Montgomery test were satisfied. See, e.g., People v. Mullins, 242 Ill. 2d 1, 17 n.2 (2011). The last prong "requires the trial judge to conduct a balancing test, weighing the prior conviction's probative value against its potential prejudice." Atkinson, 186 Ill. 2d at 456. "In conducting this balancing test, the trial judge should consider, inter alia, the nature of the prior conviction, its recency and similarity to the present charge, other circumstances surrounding the prior conviction, and the length of the witness' criminal record." Id. The evidence of the prior conviction must be excluded if the trial judge determines that the prejudice outweighs the probative value of admitting the evidence. Id. ¶ 73 As noted in our earlier decision, the indictment in case number 10 CR 14728 alleged that defendant possessed a shank that was discovered in his waist band while in the Cook County department of corrections. Boston, 2016 IL App (1st) 133497, ¶ 1. Defendant was found guilty and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. Id. During the hearing on the State's motion in limine to introduce this conviction, the court and counsel engage in an extended colloquy regarding, among other things, the exact name of the offense. After determining that the charge was "possession of contraband in a penal institution," the court stated, in part:

"Okay. Well, you know, that's a lot different than possession of a shank, particularly when the defendant is charged with a stabbing here. I mean, because then I would agree [defense counsel] has a pretty strong argument that this could be considered by the jury for propensity purposes.

Contraband is kind of a generic term. They could envision someone being caught with marijuana or some type of paraphernalia in the institution. Obviously, if you are seeking to introduce it as possession of a weapon—contraband; to wit, knife or weapon, then I believe the *** prejudicial effect would outweigh any probative value."

Prior to granting the motion, the trial court observed:

"This is one conviction. This is not several convictions. This is not for a crime that's similar, as I am told, to the charge against defendant. I do believe the probative value of allowing that outweighs any prejudicial effect."

¶ 74 Based on our review of the record, the trial court engaged in a balancing test and properly considered the factors set forth by our supreme court. See, e.g., Atkinson, 186 Ill. 2d at 456. The trial court also issued a limiting instruction prior to the State's presentation of defendant's conviction. "Absent some indication to the contrary, we must presume that jurors follow the law as set forth in the instructions given them." People v. Wilmington, 2013 IL 112938, ¶ 49. See, e.g., Mullins, 242 Ill. 2d at 16 (noting that the similarity to the charged crime did not mandate exclusion of a prior conviction, "especially *** when the jury is instructed to consider the evidence of the defendant's prior convictions for the limited purpose of impeachment, which ensures that the jurors understood the narrow reason for which the convictions were admitted"). ¶ 75 Defendant nevertheless contends that a "robust body of law condemns such evidence suggestive of past criminality or jailing." We initially observe that any prior conviction is suggestive of past criminality. In any event, the cases defendant cites in support of this proposition are distinguishable from the instant case. For example, in People v. Nelson, 193 Ill. 2d 216, 224 (2000), the jury was "informed in a not-so-subtle manner that defendant had had mug shots taken on three different occasions, with enough time in between to affect how he looked in the photos." The trial testimony also "implied that the most recent photograph was taken at a time proximate to the commission of the underlying incident." Id. In holding that the admission of the mug shot evidence was reversible error, our supreme court opined that "jury speculation as to what might have led to three separate arrests (including one near the time of the underlying crime) could have been the difference between conviction and acquittal." Id. at 224-25. ¶ 76 Unlike in Nelson, the trial court in the instant case explicitly considered that defendant had a single prior conviction. Furthermore, we view the State's presentation of a certified copy of defendant's conviction—together with a limiting instruction—as substantially different from the potentially inflammatory mug shot evidence of the defendant provided to the jury in Nelson. We also reject defendant's comparison of the court's admission of defendant's prior conviction as akin to forcing a defendant to wear shackles or prison attire in court. See, e.g., Deck v. Missouri, 544 U.S. 622, 624 (2005); Estelle v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501, 504 (1976); People v. Boose, 66 Ill. 2d 261, 268 (1977). Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in permitting the State to introduce defendant's conviction for possession of contraband in a penal institution.

¶ 77 Rebuttal Closing Argument

¶ 78 Defendant contends that the State's "extensive comments" during rebuttal closing argument on his silence at the time of his arrest were "grossly improper" and warrant a new trial. We again engage in plain-error review, as defendant failed to include this issue in his posttrial motion. See, e.g., Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 611-12. Defendant claims first-prong plain error, i.e., he asserts that the evidence was closely balanced. He also asserts second-prong plain error, i.e., that the error is so serious that it affected the fairness of defendant's trial. As noted above, we must initially consider whether an error occurred. Id. at 613. ¶ 79 "A prosecutor has wide latitude in making a closing argument and is permitted to comment on the evidence and any fair, reasonable inferences it yields." People v. Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d 173, 204 (2009). However, Illinois evidence law "generally prohibits impeachment of a criminal defendant with his postarrest silence, regardless of whether it occurred before or after he was given Miranda warnings, because under those circumstances, that silence is not considered relevant or material." People v. Quinonez, 2011 IL App (1st) 092333, ¶ 27. Accord People v. Clark, 335 Ill. App. 3d 758, 763 (2002); People v. McMullin, 138 Ill. App. 3d 872, 876 (1985).⁶ In contrast to his postarrest silence, a defendant's "silence prior to arrest may properly be used by the State to impeach his trial testimony under Illinois law." Id., ¶ 27. ¶ 80 Although defendant contends "improper commentary on an accused's silence is to be reviewed de novo" (e.g., People v. Dameron, 196 Ill. 2d 156, 162 (2001)), this court has "noted confusion regarding the appropriate standard of review regarding alleged errors occurring during closing arguments." People v. Johnson, 2015 IL App (1st) 123249, ¶ 39. Such confusion "originates from our supreme court's apparent conflicting holdings" in People v. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d 92, 121 (2007) (applying de novo standard) and People v. Blue, 189 Ill. 2d 99, 128 (2000) (employing an abuse of discretion standard). Johnson, 2015 IL App (1st) 123249, ¶ 39. We need not resolve the issue, however, because we reach the same conclusion under either standard. ¶ 81 Defendant challenges certain remarks during rebuttal closing argument. The ASA stated, in part:

"The defendant doesn't say to her, I mean, you know, in his lie, but in reality, he never says I need help, and, in fact, the police told you than when Curry comes with McPherson, the defendant says nothing. If you're killing someone in self-defense, aren't you shouting it from the toppist [sic], highest mountain you can find. Wait a minute, thank God you're here -[.]"

After the court overruled a defense objection, the ASA stated:

"Drop the knife, police, I was attacked, it's not what it looks like, I have blood on me, it's not - I'm cut, I was defending myself, I was attacked, he attacked me. He said nothing to the police. He runs in the back, and then Lieutenant Bankhead comes, and he comes out, and he's got his hands up, does he say then, listen, it's a mistake, I am not the one, I am a victim, I was attacked, I had to do it, or to granny, call an ambulance, this is a horrible event. Yeah, if you were truly justified, if you were truly not guilty, that's what you would do, and that's not

what he did, and that's how you know."

¶ 82 To the extent that the ASA commented on defendant's interactions with "granny," i.e., Sharp, such interactions plainly occurred prior to defendant's arrest and thus could "properly be used by the State to impeach his trial testimony under Illinois law." Quinonez, 2011 IL App (1st) 092333, ¶ 27. As to his interactions with Officers Curry and McPherson—and subsequently with Officer Bankhead—the exact timing of his arrest is more salient. Curry testified that defendant was arrested in the driveway, after exiting the home. The State asserts on appeal, however, that "the record demonstrates he was not under arrest until he was walking up the stairs to the landing with Lieutenant Bankhead." ¶ 83 "An arrest occurs when a person's freedom of movement is restrained by physical force or a show of authority." People v. Surles, 2011 IL App (1st) 100068, ¶ 23. We determine whether a person is under arrest based on whether an objective reasonable person, innocent of any crime, would conclude that he is not free to leave under the circumstances. Id. During his interactions with Curry and McPherson, defendant's freedom of movement did not appear to be restrained, as evidenced by his retreat to the corner of a basement. Defendant's silence during his interaction with those two officers thus could be used by the State to impeach his trial testimony. See Quinonez, 2011 IL App (1st) 092333, ¶ 27. Conversely, defendant appears to have submitted to police authority when he was guided up the stairs from the basement at gunpoint by Bankhead. Defendant's interactions with police officers from that point forward could be considered postarrest. ¶ 84 Illinois courts have held, however, that "there are two exceptions to the general rule, where that postarrest silence will be considered relevant": (1) when defendant testifies at trial that he made an exculpatory statement to the police at the time of his arrest; and (2) when he makes a postarrest statement that is inconsistent with his exculpatory trial testimony. Quinonez, 2011 IL App (1st) 092333, ¶ 27. But cf. People v. Sanchez, 392 Ill. App. 3d 1084, 1096 (2009) (noting that "[t]he defendant did not testify at trial, and the State had no basis to impeach him"). During trial, the ASA asked defendant, "When you saw the police, you didn't say to them, 'I had to defend myself,' did you?" Defendant answered, "Actually when I came up—yes, I said that yes." We surmise that may have been the purported "lie" referenced by the ASA during rebuttal closing argument. In light of defendant's testimony regarding his alleged exculpatory statement to the police, the ASA's commentary arguably falls within an exception to general rule that a prosecutor's comments on postarrest silence are improper. ¶ 85 In any event, the trial court "provided sufficient instructions to preempt consideration of potentially improper comments as evidence." People v. Moody, 2016 IL App (1st) 130071, ¶ 79. Prior to opening statements, the trial court informed the jury, in part, that "the closing arguments are not evidence but summaries of how the attorneys think the evidence can be interpreted." The court "repeated this caveat in the jury instructions." People v. Nicholas, 218 Ill. 2d 104, 123 (2005). ¶ 86 Even assuming arguendo that a "clear or obvious error" occurred, the evidence was not "closely balanced" for purposes of the first prong of the plain-error test, as discussed above. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 566. "The test is whether it appears beyond a reasonable doubt that the error at issue did not contribute to the verdict obtained." People v. Stechly, 225 Ill. 2d 246, 304 (2007). See Leach, 2012 IL 111534, ¶ 144 (analyzing whether the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt by omitting the challenged testimony and evidence from the record). Officer Curry testified at trial that he heard sounds of repeated stabbing and observed defendant straddled over a motionless Moore; defendant ran to a corner of the basement. See People v. Moore, 2015 IL App (1st) 140051, ¶ 26 (noting that "[e]vidence of flight is admissible as tending to demonstrate a defendant's consciousness of guilt"). Defendant's hands were covered in blood, and the blood on defendant's clothing and certain of the recovered knives contained Moore's DNA. The photographs, autopsy results and medical examiner's testimony reveal Moore's extensive injuries, whereas the photographs of defendant - coupled with Curry's testimony - demonstrate that defendant was almost completely unscathed. Defendant's testimony was arguably inconsistent regarding, among other things, the timeline of events on June 24, 2006. His testimony that Moore "came at [him] with a knife" before 3:30 p.m. also appears to conflict with the testimony of Officers Curry and Bankhead that the conflict was continuing at approximately 6:20 p.m. Furthermore, defendant's repeated denial or minimization of his prior interactions with Moore was contradicted by Steven's testimony. ¶ 87 As to second-prong plain error, we do not believe that any alleged error was "so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant's trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence." People v. Clark, 2016 IL 118845, ¶ 42. Defendant accurately observes that second-prong plain error is not restricted to the six types of structural error that have been recognized by the United States Supreme Court. See id., ¶ 46 (holding that second-prong plain error is not limited to structural error); Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 609 (stating that the United States Supreme Court has recognized structural error to include "a complete denial of counsel, trial before a biased judge, racial discrimination in the selection of a grand jury, denial of self-representation at trial, denial of a public trial, and a defective reasonable doubt instruction"). We do not view the ASA's challenged remarks, however, as having affected the fairness of defendant's trial or the integrity of the judicial process. The comments were limited to rebuttal closing argument, and they "did not add their weight" to any "cloud of prejudice formed by a wider array of prosecutorial misconduct." Nicholas, 218 Ill. 2d at 123. ¶ 88 For the foregoing reasons, we reject defendant's argument that the State's comments on his silence constituted plain error.

6 The State contends that Quinonez, Clark, and McMullin "ignore circumstances post-arrest, preMiranda where silence is material and relevant" and urges that these decisions "should not be followed to hold that the prosecutor erred." In light of our conclusions herein, however, we need not examine this contention.

¶ 89 Jury Note

¶ 90 During deliberations, the jury sent a note to the judge stating, "Can self-defense be a mitigating factor? (Definition of mitigating factor is unclear on sheet)." After a discussion with counsel, the trial court replied, "[Y]ou heard the evidence, you have the instructions of law. Please continue to deliberate." Defendant contends on appeal that "[b]ecause how the jury would consider self-defense in relation to first- and second-degree murder was the decisive issue in the case, the failure to clarify the issue for the jury was reversible, plain error." ¶ 91 Plain-error review is forfeited, however, when the defendant invites the error. See People v. Patrick, 233 Ill. 2d 62, 77 (2009) (declining to address the defendant's plain-error claim because he invited any error by submitting the challenged jury instruction); People v. Villareal, 198 Ill. 2d 209, 228 (2001). The State invokes the invited-error doctrine, arguing that defendant "acquiesced" to the trial court's response "because it substantially conveyed the response he proposed." ¶ 92 After reading the jury note to the parties, the following exchange occurred:

"[ASA]: You have the evidence, continue to deliberate.

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Or you can instruct them on the law, please continue your deliberations. You have all the evidence and the instructions under the law.

THE COURT: I just want to look at the instructions real quick. We're

told if we can answer a question, we should. Let me see if I could refer them to a particular instruction.

(Whereupon, a pause was had.)

THE COURT: I don't know exactly how to answer this. I mean I could refer them to the definition of mitigating factor, but I think they know about it. I mean I don't want to give them an answer that's going to infer a verdict.

[ASA]: I mean you have all the evidence and instructions on the law, please keep deliberating.

THE COURT: I mean the only thing I would say, and I don't know if this is necessary, I understand the standard response, refer them to [Illinois Pattern Instruction (IPI) 7.03] and [IPI 7.05], definition of murder and definition of mitigating factor.

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And what about self-defense?

[ASA]: Which would be [IPI 7.06].

THE COURT: I could refer them to - you're right, I mean I could refer them to [IPI 24-25.06].

[ASA]: I think they're saying they're aware of the instructions, that they're find [sic] it confusing.

THE COURT: Well, I find them confusing, and I've been doing this for you know, 30 years I guess. Okay, I will - you heard the evidence, you have the instructions of law. Please continue to deliberate."

¶ 93 Defendant contends, and we agree, that his trial counsel's statements were "somewhat unclear." For example, defense counsel appears to have both suggested additional instructions and accepted the State's position that the jury had received the necessary instructions. In the absence of clear invited error, we apply plain-error review. See also Ill. S. Ct. R. 451(c) (eff. Apr. 8, 2013) (providing that substantial defects in jury instructions "are not waived by failure to make timely objections thereto if the interests of justice require"); People v. Cacini, 2015 IL App (1st) 130135, ¶ 42 (noting that "Rule 451(c) is coextensive with the plain-error clause of Illinois Supreme Court Rule [615](a)"). Although we are aware that defendant's posttrial motion stated that the trial court had "replied appropriately" to the jury note "and admonished the jury [to] resume deliberations," we do not view such posttrial statements as having "invited" any alleged error that had previously occurred. ¶ 94 Citing People v. Downs, 2015 IL 117934, ¶ 15, defendant contends that "[t]he propriety of a court's response to a question of law from the jury is reviewed de novo." We note that the Downs court cited People v. Pierce, 226 Ill. 2d 470, 475 (2007), wherein our supreme court stated: "Although the giving of jury instructions is generally reviewed for an abuse of discretion, when the question is whether the jury instructions accurately conveyed to the jury the law applicable to the case, our review is de novo." See also People v. Reid, 136 Ill. 2d 27, 38-39 (1990) (holding that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in its response to the jury); People v. Gray, 346 Ill. App. 3d 989, 993-94 (2004) (stating the "court's decision to answer or refrain from answering will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion" but "[w]hether the court misstated the law" in its response to a jury question "is naturally a question of law" subject to de novo review). Although we apply an abuse of discretion standard herein, our result would be the same under de novo review. ¶ 95 "Generally, a trial court must provide instruction when the jury has posed an explicit question or asked for clarification on a point of law arising from facts showing doubt or confusion." People v. Averett, 237 Ill. 2d 1, 24 (2010). "This is true even though the jury was properly instructed originally." People v. Childs, 159 Ill. 2d 217, 228-29 (1994). Accord People v. Landwer, 279 Ill. App. 3d 306, 314 (1996). In the instant case, the jury was provided with Illinois Pattern Instructions regarding, among other things, first degree murder, second degree murder, the definition of a mitigating factor, and the use of force in self-defense. ¶ 96 "A trial court may, nevertheless, exercise its discretion to decline answering a question from the jury under appropriate circumstances." Averett, 237 Ill. 2d at 24. Accord People v. McSwain, 2012 IL App (4th) 100619, ¶ 26. "Appropriate circumstances include when the jury instructions are readily understandable and sufficiently explain the relevant law, when additional instructions would serve no useful purpose or may potentially mislead the jury, when the jury's request involves a question of fact, or when giving an answer would cause the trial court to express an opinion likely directing a verdict one way or the other." Averett, 237 Ill. 2d at 24. ¶ 97 Defendant contends that "where the court failed to clarify how self-defense can be a mitigating factor, the prejudice to [defendant] was the equivalent of leaving the jury without a second-degree instruction at all, when such an instruction was due." He cites cases wherein the reviewing courts have held that a trial court's refusal to provide a second degree murder instruction may constitute reversible error. E.g., People v. Washington, 2012 IL 110283, ¶¶ 58-60; People v. Edmondson, 328 Ill. App. 3d 661, 665-66 (2002). Such error, however, did not occur herein. Furthermore, we do not consider the trial court's answer to the jury's note to be the "equivalent" of no second degree murder or self-defense instruction. ¶ 98 Our supreme court has stated that an appropriate circumstance for declining to answer a jury question is when "giving an answer would cause the trial court to express an opinion likely directing a verdict one way or another." Averett, 237 Ill. 2d at 24. The trial court in the instant case expressed concern about this very issue. The trial court's comments regarding the "confusing" instructions also suggest its concern that "additional instructions would serve no useful purpose or may potentially mislead the jury." Id. "Illinois pattern instructions were 'painstakingly drafted with the use of simple, brief and unslanted language so as to clearly and concisely state the law,' and, for that reason, 'the use of additional instructions on a subject already covered by IPI would defeat the goal that all instructions be simple, brief, impartial and free from argument.' " People v. Pollock, 202 Ill. 2d 189, 212 (2002), citing People v. Haywood, 82 Ill. 2d 540, 545 (1980). In this instance—where the trial court had provided the relevant IPIs—we cannot conclude that it abused its discretion by determining that any additional "clarification" could confuse or sway jurors, particularly where the court explicitly acknowledged its obligation to answer jury questions, if possible. ¶ 99 Even assuming that the trial court committed clear or obvious error in its handling of the jury note, the evidence was not closely balanced under first-prong plain error, for the reasons discussed above. Furthermore, the cases defendant cites regarding second-prong plain error are inapposite. ¶ 100 For example, in People v. Ogunsola, 87 Ill. 2d 216, 222 (1981), the Illinois Supreme Court concluded that the challenged jury instruction completely omitted a portion of the definition of the crime. In remanding the cause for a new trial, our supreme court observed that "[t]he failure to correctly inform the jury of the elements of the crime charged has been held to be error so grave and fundamental that the waiver rule should not apply." Id. Similarly, in People v. Ulloa, 2015 IL App (1st) 131632, ¶ 25, the appellate court concluded that "[t]he misstatement of the applicable law here, including a misstatement of the elements of the offense of conspiracy, is a grave error, affecting the fundamental fairness of the trial and the integrity of the judicial process." Unlike in Ogunsola and Ulloa, the jury instructions in the instant case did not omit a central issue or incorrectly define an offense or defense. But cf. Cacini, 2015 IL App (1st) 130135, ¶ 55 (finding that "the trial court's omission of the self-defense instruction on the three offenses before the jury" was "second-prong plain error because the error was of such a magnitude as to have denied defendant a fair trial"). While "fundamental fairness requires that the jury be instructed on the elements of the offense charged," (People v. Hale, 2012 IL App (4th) 100949, ¶ 22), the instructions in the instant case satisfied such requirement. We also reject defendant's contention that "the jury was especially likely to be confused where it received the instructions on self-defense in relation to first and second degree murder out of sequence." See, e.g., People v. Anderson, 2012 IL App (1st) 103288, ¶ 45 (concluding that "[a]lthough the instructions were not read to the jury in the precise order directed by the drafting committee, the trial court clearly conveyed the applicable law and proper instructions to the jury"). ¶ 101 We thus conclude that there was no plain error vis-à-vis the trial court's answer to the jury note. Defendant contends, in the alternative, that his trial counsel was ineffective "for not ensuring the jury's question was properly answered." Under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), "to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show both that counsel's performance was deficient and that the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant." People v. Cherry, 2016 IL 118728, ¶ 24. ¶ 102 Defendant cites People v. Lowry, 354 Ill. App. 3d 760, 762 (2004), wherein the jury question involved the definition of "knowingly." With the agreement of "all attorneys," the court instructed the jurors: "You have heard the evidence and been instructed on the law. Please keep deliberating." Id. The appellate court held that defense counsel provided deficient representation by failing to offer the IPI that expressly defines "knowingly" and related terms. Id. at 766-67. The appellate court further held that defense counsel's failure "prejudiced defendant regarding an issue critical to the aggravated battery charge and rendered the proceeding fundamentally unfair." Id. at 768. Unlike in Lowry, there was no additional IPI in the instant case to provide to the jury. Any attempt at elucidation by the trial court regarding whether "self-defense" could be a "mitigating factor" could have exacerbated any juror confusion. But cf. People v. Coots, 2012 IL App (2d) 100592 , ¶ 53-54 (concluding that defense counsel was ineffective where counsel failed to tender, and the trial court failed to give, two IPIs that would have clarified the term "deliver"). Even assuming arguendo that defense counsel's performance was deficient, there is no indication that defendant was prejudiced by such performance, i.e., that there was a reasonable likelihood that the result of his trial would be different. See People v. Hicks, 2015 IL App (1st) 120035, ¶ 59.

¶ 103 Jury Polling

¶ 104 In his appellate briefs, defendant contends that "[w]here a juror expressly dissented from the guilty verdict during polling and the court failed to question him, [defendant's] right to a unanimous jury verdict was violated." We initially observe that defendant has forfeited appellate review of this claim by failing to object during the trial or assert the claim in a posttrial motion. See Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 611 (noting that "[t]o preserve a claim for review, a defendant must both object at trial and include the alleged error in a written posttrial motion"). The plain-error rule, however, bypasses normal forfeiture principles and allows a reviewing court to consider unpreserved claims of error in specific circumstances. Id. at 613. The first step of plain-error review is determining whether any error occurred. Id. For the reasons discussed below, we find no error. ¶ 105 The purpose of a jury poll is to determine whether the verdict has been freely reached and is unanimous. People v. Wheat, 383 Ill. App. 3d 234, 237 (2008). "Through a jury poll, jurors may freely assent or dissent to the verdict without the fear, errors, or coercive influences that may have prevailed in the jury's private collective deliberations." Id. See also United States v. Shepherd, 576 F.2d 719, 725 (7th Cir. 1978) (noting that "[t]he purpose of affording a right to have the jury polled is not to invite each juror to reconsider his decision, but to permit an inquiry as to whether the verdict is in truth unanimous"). ¶ 106 In Illinois, after a guilty verdict is returned but before it is accepted and recorded, a criminal defendant has an absolute right to poll the jury regarding whether each individual agreed with the pronounced verdict. Wheat, 383 Ill. App. 3d at 237. The opportunity for jurors to express their assent or dissent to a verdict is basic to our system which requires unanimity among the jurors and if any juror dissents from the verdict, it cannot be recorded. People v. Rehberger, 73 Ill. App. 3d 964, 968 (1979). See also 725 ILCS 5/115-4(o) (West 2006) (requiring the "unanimous verdict of the jury"); Martin v. Morelock, 32 Ill. 485, 487-88 (1863) (stating that a "case is not at an end until the verdict is recorded and the jury discharged, and it would be unjust to record a verdict from which the jury, in the presence of the court, dissent"). ¶ 107 In the original version of the transcript of the jury polling, juror Greco answered "[n]o" when asked, "Was this then and is this now your verdict[?]" After oral arguments in this appeal, the State filed in the trial court a Motion Pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 329 to Make the Record on Appeal Conform to the Truth. The motion provided, in part, that the "transcript regarding Juror Greco's answer to the jury poll is incorrect and must be corrected." The State represented that after Ellen Dusza, the court reporter, reviewed her notes, "she found that the 'no' answer incorrectly reflected Juror Greco's answer which should have been transcribed as 'yes.' " Defendant responded, in part, that the State's motion was facially insufficient because it failed to provide a copy of Dusza's original stenographic notes. ¶ 108 Rule 329 provides, in pertinent part:

"The record on appeal shall be taken as true and correct unless shown to be otherwise and corrected in the manner permitted by this rule. Material omissions or inaccuracies or improper authentication may be corrected by stipulation of the parties or by the trial court, either before or after the record is transmitted to the reviewing court, or by the reviewing court or a judge thereof. Any controversy as to whether the record accurately discloses what occurred in the trial court shall be submitted to and settled by that court and the record made to conform to the truth." Ill. S. Ct. R. 329 (eff. Jan. 1, 2006).

¶ 109 During proceedings before the trial court on February 16, 2017, Dusza testified that she used a steno machine to take notes in machine shorthand on the day of the verdict, but did not have an audio recording. Her notes reflected that juror Greco said "no." After an ASA contacted Dusza regarding the jury polling issue on January 19, 2017, she reviewed her notes. ¶ 110 According to Dusza, a juror may respond "no" because he does not understand the question. In such case, the judge or counsel will ask the juror to repeat his answer and the judge will repeat the question. In the instant case, Dusza testified that her notes did not indicate any follow-up or reflect any unusual occurrences. She also testified that she would have written herself a note if "something out of the ordinary" had occurred, but she apparently did not write any note. Dusza believed juror Greco answered "yes," because nothing transpired after his answer. She testified that the "no" answer was her mistake. ¶ 111 During cross-examination, Dusza testified that the combination of keys used to create the word "yes" are on a different row of a steno machine than the key combination for the word "no." She further testified that in her twenty-eight years of court reporting that she had "never had a 'no' go unnoticed." She agreed, however, that "[s]ometimes attorneys don't object." In response to questioning by the court, Dusza also testified that the defense attorney was present when the jury was polled. ¶ 112 An ASA who prosecuted the case against defendant testified that she and her partner were in the courtroom when the jury returned its verdict. Defense counsel objected to the ASA's testimony, arguing that such testimony was not relevant without any kind of documentary evidence. The trial court permitted the ASA to continue to testify. She testified that juror Greco had "said the word 'yes' " when asked "was this then and is this now your verdict." ¶ 113 The judge observed that he was not "looking over somebody else's verdict" but was instead "looking over a verdict that I took myself." He specifically remembered defendant's trial counsel and also recalled specific details of defendant's various proceedings, which were on his call for several years. The judge noted that he was "very cognizant" of his procedure and protocol when conducting jury polling and that he listened clearly when he polled the jury. He also noted that neither he nor any of the attorneys present at the verdict responded to Greco's answer. Finally, the judge found Dusza's testimony to be credible and consistent with his own recollection and the recollection of the ASA. Stating that "common sense should rule," the court concluded that it was clear that "at no time did Juror Greco ever answer no when he was polled." The court granted the State's Rule 329 motion. ¶ 114 In accordance with the trial court's ruling pursuant to Rule 329, the record has been corrected to reflect that Greco's response was "yes." ¶ 115 Defendant has argued in both the trial court and this court that under Rule 329, any alteration that impeaches or contradicts the record must be based on contemporaneously- produced documentary evidence, such as the court reporter's stenographic notes. According to defendant, the testimony of the participants or the recollection of the trial court alone is insufficient. See, e.g., People v. Allen, 109 Ill. 2d 177, 184 (1985); People v. Vincent, 165 Ill. App. 3d 1023, 1030 (1988) (relying on Allen). ¶ 116 We observe, however, that certain principles articulated by the Illinois Supreme Court in Allen were derived from cases with significantly different facts than those of Allen or the instant case. For example, in Hartgraves v. Don Cartage Co., 63 Ill. 2d 425, 427 (1976), an in-chambers discussion was held after one of the 12 jurors was injured and could not continue to serve on the jury. After this off-the-record discussion, the defendant's counsel moved for a mistrial in open court, which the trial court denied. Id. In his posttrial motion, the defendant challenged the denial of his motion for a mistrial. Id. Prior to the hearing on the defendant's posttrial motion, the plaintiff's counsel submitted an affidavit in opposition to the motion. Id. The affidavit stated that during the in-chambers discussion, defense counsel had indicated that he would formally object to proceeding with less than 12 jurors but requested that the judge overrule his objection, and indicated he was willing to proceed with 11 jurors. Id. The defendant's counsel submitted an affidavit denying that he had consented to proceeding with less than 12 jurors. Id. At the hearing on the posttrial motion six months after the trial, the trial judge stated that he had a clear recollection of the in-chambers discussion. Id. The trial judge stated that the defendant's counsel had suggested he overrule the motion for mistrial and agreed that the trial court proceed. Id. The trial court denied the defendant's posttrial motion. Id. ¶ 117 The Illinois Supreme Court in Hartgraves affirmed the judgment of the appellate court, which had reversed and remanded the matter for a new trial. Id. at 432. In so holding, our supreme court stated that "any corrections of or additions to the record which contradict the clear and unambiguous contents of the record must be supported by something other than the 'clear memory' of the trial judge." Id. Our supreme court noted that there was no disagreement regarding whether the record accurately disclosed what occurred in court. Id. at 429. ¶ 118 In People v. Allen, 109 Ill. 2d 177, 184 (1985), the Illinois Supreme Court—citing Hartgraves and another civil case—stated that "[i]t is well established that a party may not prove an inaccuracy in the record merely by presenting oral testimony." Our supreme court in Allen concluded that the trial court's correction of a transcript was proper where, among other things, the State presented the original stenographic notes which supported its contention that the transcript of proceedings was incorrect. Id. Although the stenographic notes in the instant case do not support the finding of an inaccuracy as was the case in Allen, we do not view Rule 329 as mandating that any alteration which contradicts the record must be based on contemporaneously-produced physical evidence. ¶ 119 Approximately one year after the Hartgraves decision, the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Chitwood, 67 Ill. 2d 443 (1977), approved a correction of the record based on an affidavit presented by the State and the trial judge's verification of the accuracy of the affidavit. In the affidavit, the State averred that the defendant, through his counsel, waived the right to a jury trial in open court but that waiver was inadvertently omitted from the record. Id. at 446. Distinguishing Hartgraves, our supreme court held that the State's motion to amend should have been allowed. Id. at 448. The Illinois Supreme Court in Chitwood stated that the "question in Hartgraves was *** not whether the record could be amended, but whether it could be impeached by showing that a party had made an off-the-record representation inconsistent with the position which he assumed in the courtroom as shown by the record." Id. at 447. ¶ 120 We respectfully submit that the facts of the instant case are more akin to Chitwood than Hartgraves, and that the evidence presented at the Rule 329 proceeding—including the testimony of the court reporter and the ASA and the detailed recollection of the trial judge—was sufficient. Rule 329 is a "sweeping provision" that makes it "possible to supply omissions, correct inaccuracies or improper authentication, or settle any controversy as to whether the record on appeal accurately discloses what occurred at the trial by the procedure that will most appropriately solve the particular problem." Ill. S. Ct. R. 329, Committee Comments (revised May 1982). ¶ 121 We also find useful guidance in People v. Rockman, 144 Ill. App. 3d 801, 811 (1986), wherein the State filed a motion to amend the transcript of a witness's testimony to read "can" rather than "can't" with respect to the witness's ability to see the defendant at the shooting. The trial court granted the motion based upon the judge's personal recollection that the witness had stated "can." Id. On appeal, the defendant argued that a court may allow an amendment of the record of proceedings solely based on its own recollection provided that the amendment does not impeach or contradict the record. Id. Rejecting this "narrow perspective," the appellate court stated that "the proper perspective is to view the amendment in the context of the entire record to determine if it contradicts the evidence as a whole." Id. In affirming the judgment, the appellate court discussed other testimony from the witness that supported the conclusion that he could see the defendant. Id. at 811-12. The appellate court also noted the trial court's observation that the witness spoke " 'in a broken tongue,' easily misinterpreted by the court reporter." Id. at 812. ¶ 122 As in Rockman, the amendment of the record herein "resolves, rather than creates," contradictions. Id. at 811. Absent the amendment, the record would reflect that juror Greco signed the verdict form finding defendant guilty, but then disagreed with the verdict during jury polling, yet no one in the courtroom—including the trial judge, the defense attorneys, the ASAs, and any court staff—noticed or reacted in any manner. We further note that the trial court inquired during voir dire whether Greco, an immigrant to the United States, "had any trouble with the English language." Such inquiry suggests that Greco—like the Rockman witness— may have a distinctive accent that could have been misinterpreted by the court reporter. We find that the correction of the record was not contradictory to the record and the trial court properly granted the motion to correct the record. ¶ 123 For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that there was no error, and thus there was no plain error. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 611. "An appellate issue is moot when it is abstract or presents no controversy." People v. Brown, 204 Ill. 2d 422, 425 (2002). The correction of the record to reflect that juror Greco answered "yes" during the jury polling has rendered the jury polling issue moot, and thus we need not consider the issue further. See id. (noting that "[a]n issue can become moot if circumstances change during the pendency of an appeal that prevent the reviewing court from being able to render effectual relief"). Finally, the parallel Rule 329 motion filed with this court and taken with the case is hereby denied as moot.

¶ 124 Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶ 125 Defendant contends that his trial counsel "unreasonably omitted three meritorious issues from his [posttrial] motion: the improper use of [his] post-arrest silence, the juror's dissent [from] the verdict, and the improper admission of [his] prior conviction." In determining whether a defendant was denied the effective assistance of counsel, we ordinarily "apply the familiar two-prong test established in [Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984)]." Cherry, 2016 IL 118728, ¶ 24. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland, a defendant must show both that counsel's performance was deficient and that the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant. Id. ¶ 126 We have rejected defendant's contentions regarding the State's use of his silence during rebuttal closing argument. We have further concluded that the trial court did not err in admitting defendant's conviction for possession of contraband in a penal institution for impeachment purposes. Defendant's trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to preserve these claims. " 'Defense counsel is not required to make futile motions or objections in order to provide effective assistance.' " People v. Smith, 2014 IL App (1st) 103436, ¶ 64, citing People v. Glass, 232 Ill. App. 3d 136, 152 (1992). See also Anderson, 2012 IL App (1st) 103288, ¶ 53 (stating that "[g]iven that the deviation from [the] drafting committee's directives was not erroneous, it was not objectively unreasonable for defense counsel to fail to address this issue through objection or a posttrial motion"). Furthermore, as discussed above, juror Greco did not dissent from the verdict—as is now reflected in the corrected record—and thus defense counsel was not ineffective vis-à-vis jury polling.

¶ 127 CONCLUSION

¶ 128 For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County. The State's request for fees and costs is denied. ¶ 129 Affirmed.