Opinion
2015–06251 2015–07358 Ind. Nos. 568/14, 2464/14
04-10-2019
The PEOPLE, etc., Respondent, v. Kyle BIRCH, Appellant.
Paul Skip Laisure, New York, N.Y. (Benjamin S. Litman of counsel), for appellant. Richard A. Brown, District Attorney, Kew Gardens, N.Y. (John M. Castellano, Johnnette Traill, and William H. Branigan of counsel; Victoria Randall on the brief), for respondent.
Paul Skip Laisure, New York, N.Y. (Benjamin S. Litman of counsel), for appellant.
Richard A. Brown, District Attorney, Kew Gardens, N.Y. (John M. Castellano, Johnnette Traill, and William H. Branigan of counsel; Victoria Randall on the brief), for respondent.
WILLIAM F. MASTRO, J.P., LEONARD B. AUSTIN, JEFFREY A. COHEN, JOSEPH J. MALTESE, JJ.
DECISION & ORDERAppeals by the defendant from two judgments of the Supreme Court, Queens County (Barry Kron, J.), both rendered May 29, 2015, convicting him of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree under Indictment No. 568/14, and bail jumping in the second degree under Indictment No. 2464/14, upon his pleas of guilty, and imposing sentences. The appeal from the judgment rendered under Indictment No. 568/14 brings up for review the denial, after a hearing (Steven W. Paynter, J.), of that branch of the defendant's omnibus motion which was to suppress physical evidence.
ORDERED that the judgments are affirmed.
The defendant's purported waiver of his right to appeal was invalid (see People v. Bradshaw, 18 N.Y.3d 257, 267, 938 N.Y.S.2d 254, 961 N.E.2d 645 ; People v. Lopez, 6 N.Y.3d 248, 257, 811 N.Y.S.2d 623, 844 N.E.2d 1145 ). The Supreme Court never elicited an acknowledgment that the defendant was voluntarily waiving his right to appeal (see People v. Waldon, 157 A.D.3d 913, 913, 66 N.Y.S.3d 906 ; People v. Pelaez, 100 A.D.3d 803, 803, 954 N.Y.S.2d 554 ). Moreover, the court's colloquy did not ensure the defendant's understanding of the distinction between the waiver of his right to appeal and other rights automatically forfeited on a plea of guilty (see People v. Rivas, 166 A.D.3d 1019, 86 N.Y.S.3d 741 ; People v. Melendez, 164 A.D.3d 1473, 84 N.Y.S.3d 513 ; People v. Waldon, 157 A.D.3d at 913–914, 66 N.Y.S.3d 906 ; People v. Pelaez, 100 A.D.3d at 803, 954 N.Y.S.2d 554 ). The court also misstated the law by informing the defendant, in effect, that the appeal waiver would preclude him from challenging the voluntariness of his plea (see People v. Waldon, 157 A.D.3d at 914, 66 N.Y.S.3d 906 ; People v. Pelaez, 100 A.D.3d at 803, 954 N.Y.S.2d 554 ). Although the record includes a written waiver of the right to appeal signed by the defendant, the court failed to ascertain on the record whether the defendant had read the waiver, discussed it with counsel, or was even aware of its contents (see People v. Rivas, 166 A.D.3d 1019, 86 N.Y.S.3d 741 ; People v. Pierre, 165 A.D.3d 1175, 84 N.Y.S.3d 783 ; People v. Waldon, 157 A.D.3d at 914, 66 N.Y.S.3d 906 ; see also People v. Callahan, 80 N.Y.2d 273, 283, 590 N.Y.S.2d 46, 604 N.E.2d 108 ). Since the appeal waiver was invalid, it does not preclude appellate review of his contention that the court should have granted that branch of his omnibus motion which was to suppress physical evidence.
However, we agree with the Supreme Court's determination to deny that branch of the defendant's omnibus motion which was to suppress physical evidence. Where police acting in their criminal law enforcement capacity initiate an encounter with private citizens, the propriety of the encounter must be assessed under the four-tiered analytical framework articulated in People v. De Bour , 40 N.Y.2d 210, 386 N.Y.S.2d 375, 352 N.E.2d 562 and reaffirmed in People v. Hollman , 79 N.Y.2d 181, 581 N.Y.S.2d 619, 590 N.E.2d 204. "The minimal intrusion of approaching to request information," or a level-one inquiry, "is permissible when there is some objective credible reason for that interference not necessarily indicative of criminality" ( People v. De Bour, 40 N.Y.2d at 223, 386 N.Y.S.2d 375, 352 N.E.2d 562 ; see People v. McIntosh, 96 N.Y.2d 521, 525, 730 N.Y.S.2d 265, 755 N.E.2d 329 ; People v. Hollman, 79 N.Y.2d at 184, 581 N.Y.S.2d 619, 590 N.E.2d 204 ). "[A] request for information is a general, nonthreatening encounter in which an individual is approached for an articulable reason" ( People v. Hollman, 79 N.Y.2d at 191, 581 N.Y.S.2d 619, 590 N.E.2d 204 ; see People v. McIntosh, 96 N.Y.2d at 525, 730 N.Y.S.2d 265, 755 N.E.2d 329 ; People v. Kennebrew, 106 A.D.3d 1107, 1108, 965 N.Y.S.2d 622 ). However, an officer's "friendly greeting" does not constitute a request for information ( People v. Thornton, 238 A.D.2d 33, 35, 667 N.Y.S.2d 705 ). "A rule that turned facially innocuous words into a Level I inquiry based on the defendant's subjective reaction would be unworkable" ( id. at 35, 667 N.Y.S.2d 705 ).
Here, the testimony at the suppression hearing established that at approximately 11:40 p.m. on December 26, 2013, police officer James Conaghan and his partner, both members of the gang squad, were wearing plainclothes and traveling in an unmarked vehicle when they observed the defendant and two other males walking on the sidewalk along a chain-link fence on Cornaga Avenue in Queens. As Conaghan and his partner drove alongside the group, Conaghan asked, from a rolled-down passenger window, "fellas, how you doing tonight." Conaghan then observed the defendant "motion and throw an unknown object over the fence." Conaghan and his partner stopped and exited their vehicle, identified themselves as police officers, and approached the defendant. While Conaghan asked the defendant what he had thrown, his partner hopped over the fence and retrieved the object, which they identified as a switchblade knife.
We agree with the Supreme Court's determination that the comment, "fellas, how you doing tonight," constituted a greeting and not a level-one De Bour inquiry (see People v. Thornton, 238 A.D.2d 33, 667 N.Y.S.2d 705 ; cf. People v. Wells, 226 A.D.2d 406, 640 N.Y.S.2d 258 ). Conaghan testified at the suppression hearing that, when he asked the defendant and the two other males how they were doing, the window to the vehicle was already rolled down and his partner did not stop the vehicle. He also testified that he often greeted people on the street in this manner. Moreover, the credibility determinations of a court following a suppression hearing are entitled to great deference on appeal and will not be disturbed unless clearly unsupported by the record (see People v. Frazier, 140 A.D.3d 977, 34 N.Y.S.3d 467 ; People v. Wilson, 96 A.D.3d 980, 981, 948 N.Y.S.2d 77 ). A review of the record supports the court's finding that Conaghan's testimony was credible.
Since there was no impermissible request for information by Conaghan, the defendant's "unprovoked and wholly voluntary" act of throwing the switchblade was not in direct and immediate response to any illegal actions by the police ( People v. Faines, 297 A.D.2d 590, 594, 747 N.Y.S.2d 484 ; cf. People v. Boodle, 47 N.Y.2d 398, 418 N.Y.S.2d 352, 391 N.E.2d 1329 ). The recovery of the switchblade was not tainted by any illegality, because no illegal inquiry occurred (see People v. Faines, 297 A.D.2d 590, 747 N.Y.S.2d 484 ). Thus, we agree with the Supreme Court's determination to deny that branch of the defendant's omnibus motion which was to suppress physical evidence.
The defendant's remaining contention, that his conviction of bail jumping in the second degree should be dismissed in the interest of justice, is without merit.
MASTRO, J.P., AUSTIN, COHEN and MALTESE, JJ., concur.