Summary
In People v Bender, 124 Mich. App. 571, 578; 335 N.W.2d 85 (1983), the Court of Appeals held that "[t]he right to be presumed innocent is of preeminent importance and, therefore, a defendant must be informed of this right on the record or his plea is constitutionally defective."
Summary of this case from People v. SaffoldOpinion
Docket No. 60026.
Decided April 5, 1983.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, and Frank R. Del Vero, Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Lobur Hensick, P.C. (by John S. Lobur), for defendant.
Defendant was charged with attempted breaking and entering of a building with the intent to commit a larceny, MCL 750.92, 750.110; MSA 28.287, 28.305, felonious assault, MCL 750.82; MSA 28.277, and being an habitual offender (second offense), MCL 769.10; MSA 28.1082. Defendant was tried by a jury on the two principal charges. While the jury was deliberating, defendant waived his right to trial on the habitual offender charge and stated he would plead guilty to that charge if the jury found him guilty on one or both of the principal charges. Subsequently, the jury convicted defendant on the attempted breaking and entering charge but acquitted him on the felonious assault charge. Immediately after the jury was discharged, defendant pled guilty to the habitual offender charge. Defendant was sentenced to a term of from 4 to 7-1/2 years in prison. He appeals as of right.
On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred by failing to give CJI 5:1:02 in its charge to the jury. CJI 5:1:02 cautions:
"You should not decide this case on the basis of which side presented the greater number of witnesses. You have the obligation to decide the believability of all witnesses and evidence, and whether the believed testimony and evidence proves guilt beyond a reasonable doubt."
In the instant case, defendant called only himself and one other witness, an expert, on his behalf. The prosecution presented eight witnesses. Defense counsel requested that CJI 5:1:02 be given.
Under Michigan law, the number of witnesses which a party produces at trial is quite irrelevant in determining where the truth lies. People v Phillip Phillips, 112 Mich. App. 98, 109-110; 315 N.W.2d 868 (1982). To effectuate this policy and ensure that those accused of crimes in this state receive fair trials, CJI 5:1:02 has been made a part of Michigan's Standard Criminal Jury Instructions. This instruction correctly states the law in Michigan. See Phillips, supra, p 110.
It is the function of a trial court to inform the jury of the law by which its verdict must be controlled. People v Lambert, 395 Mich. 296, 304; 235 N.W.2d 338 (1975). An accused has a right to have the jury pass upon the evidence under proper instructions. Lambert, supra, p 304. Thus, when a defendant requests that CJI 5:1:02 be given to the jury and the circumstances at trial warrant its inclusion in the court's charge the instruction should be given.
There is some dispute between the parties as to whether defense counsel properly preserved this issue for review by positively noting an objection. Counsel merely inquired of the court if the court had included the instruction when it charged the jury. The court responded that it had inadvertently left out that instruction and counsel did not expressly object to its omission. Later, the jury twice requested a reiteration of the instructions relating to felonious assault and counsel for defendant did not object at either of those times or urge the giving of CJI 5:1:02 in addition to the instructions requested by the jury.
Assuming that defendant did properly object to the omission of CJI 5:1:02, the instructions must be viewed in their entirety in order to determine if reversible error occurred. People v Owens, 108 Mich. App. 600; 310 N.W.2d 819 (1981), lv den 412 Mich. 866 (1981). Even though the instructions may be somewhat imperfect, there is no error if they "fairly presented to the jury the issues to be tried and sufficiently protected the rights of [the] defendant". People v Kalder, 284 Mich. 235, 241-242; 279 N.W. 493 (1938). No error results from the omission of an instruction if the charge as a whole covers the substance of the omitted instruction. People v Derrick Bradley, 62 Mich. App. 39; 233 N.W.2d 177 (1975); People v Rocha, 36 Mich. App. 132; 193 N.W.2d 198 (1971), lv den 387 Mich. 783 (1972).
In the instant case, the court did instruct the jury to determine the credibility of the witnesses taking into account their ability and opportunity to observe memory, demeanor, age, any interests or bias, and the reasonableness or unreasonableness of their testimony. The jury was instructed that it was to determine the weight to be given the testimony of all the witnesses and that the testimony of a police officer should not be given any greater weight than that of any other witness. It does not appear that the number of the witnesses was called to the attention of the jury in such a fashion as to give the impression that numerical preponderance redounded to the benefit of the prosecutor's case. On the facts of this case, we decline to find the error of omission deprived defendant of a fair trial and we therefore decline to reverse. We find the error harmless under GCR 1963, 529.1 and we decline to reverse under MCL 769.26; MSA 28.1096, as in our opinion, after an examination of the entire cause, it does not appear that the error complained of has resulted in any miscarriage of justice.
Defendant argues next that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a directed verdict on the felonious assault charge. MCL 750.82; MSA 28.277 provides:
"Any person who shall assault another with a gun, revolver, pistol, knife, iron bar, club, brass knuckles or other dangerous weapon, but without intending to commit the crime of murder, and without intending to inflict great bodily harm less than the crime of murder, shall be guilty of a felony."
Defendant argues that, since he was charged with committing the assault only with an aerosol spray can containing Chlorobenzalmalonomatrile, he did not commit the assault with a "dangerous weapon" as a matter of law.
If such an aerosol spray container is, as a matter of law, not a dangerous weapon, reversible error may have occurred in allowing the jury to consider the felonious assault charge. See People v Vail, 393 Mich. 460, 464; 227 N.W.2d 535 (1975). We decline to hold, however, that as a matter of law such an aerosol spray can is not a dangerous weapon. Rather, whether the aerosol spray can was in fact used as a dangerous weapon was a question of fact for the jury to determine as the finder of fact. Accord, People v Buford, 69 Mich. App. 27; 244 N.W.2d 351 (1976) (reaching the same result as to a boot); People v Ragland, 14 Mich. App. 425; 165 N.W.2d 639 (1968), lv den 383 Mich. 781 (1970) (same result as to a flashlight).
Defendant argues next that the trial court failed to adequately comply with GCR 1963, 785.7, in accepting his plea of guilty on the habitual offender charge. GCR 1963, 785.7 must be complied with when a court accepts a plea of guilty to an habitual offender charge. People v Stevens, 88 Mich. App. 421, 427; 276 N.W.2d 910 (1979) (2-1 decision), lv den 408 Mich. 948; 292 N.W.2d 697 (1980); People v Murry, 108 Mich. App. 679, 686; 310 N.W.2d 836 (1981), lv den 413 Mich. 942 (1982).
While the jury was deliberating on the two principal charges, defendant informed the court that if a guilty verdict was returned on either of the principal charges then defendant would plead guilty to the habitual offender charge. Defense counsel assured the court that defendant was "mindful of all his rights" and counsel specifically listed a number of rights which defendant was aware that he was waiving. The court asked defendant if he was aware that he was waiving other rights and defendant indicated that he was. The court then gave defendant a printed rights form, which defendant reviewed with his counsel and signed. After the jury returned a guilty verdict on the breaking and entering charge, defendant acknowledged having a previous conviction and returned the signed rights form to the court. He acknowledged reviewing the form with his counsel and that he wished to plead guilty. After defendant assured the court that he had no questions, the court accepted defendant's plea.
Although defendant was not personally advised of a number of his rights by the trial court, defense counsel's on-the-record statement of some of defendant's rights satisfies the requirement that the trial court "personally address" the defendant as to those rights. See Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich. 96, 114; 235 N.W.2d 132 (1975), cert den sub nom Sanders v Michigan 429 U.S. 1108; 97 S Ct 1142; 51 L Ed 2d 561 (1977). As long as defendant is orally informed in open court of his rights and the trial court can personally observe defendant's demeanor and responses, the purpose of the personally address requirement is achieved. See Guilty Plea Cases, supra, p 114. Nor is it fatal to the plea that defendant was informed of his rights before the jury returned a guilty verdict on the principal charge. As noted by our Supreme Court:
"[A] recital of rights to one defendant by one judge on one day, may suffice as a recital of rights to that same defendant by the same judge on that same day in another case." Guilty Plea Cases, supra, pp 121-122.
The fact that the recital of rights was made to the defendant hours before his formal plea was accepted would not constitute noncompliance with GCR 1963, 785.7 if the recital contained a sufficiently complete list of rights.
However, neither defense counsel, the prosecutor, nor the court mentioned to defendant his rights to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, GCR 1963, 785.7(1)(g)(iii), and to have the prosecution prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he is guilty, GCR 1963, 785.7(1)(g)(iv). The right to be presumed innocent is of preeminent importance and, therefore, a defendant must be informed of this right on the record or his plea is constitutionally defective. People v Jaworski, 387 Mich. 21; 194 N.W.2d 868 (1972); Guilty Plea Cases, supra, pp 120-121. Our review of the record discloses that, other than in the plea-taking form, defendant was not personally informed, precisely or imprecisely, of his right to be presumed innocent.
In People v Lockett, 111 Mich. App. 405, 408; 314 N.W.2d 640 (1981), this Court held that a guilty-plea form cannot be used as a substitute for the requirement that a court personally inform a defendant of a Jaworski right. This holding was in direct contradiction to an earlier decision of this Court in People v Smith, 98 Mich. App. 58; 296 N.W.2d 183 (1980). Our Lockett decision was followed in People v Lee, 112 Mich. App. 194; 315 N.W.2d 896 (1982). Subsequently, by means of an order, the Supreme Court reversed our decision in Lockett, finding that "the judge's advice on the record demonstrates that the defendant was sufficiently advised of his right of confrontation". People v Lockett, 413 Mich. 868; 318 N.W.2d 31 (1982). The Supreme Court made no mention of the propriety of using a plea-taking form to inform a defendant of his Jaworski rights. The Supreme Court's brief order in Lockett leaves us without any guidance as to whether the use of plea-taking forms is proper. We do not know whether the Supreme Court's brief statement in Lockett was directed at plea-taking forms or some oral advice by the trial judge. We surmise that the transcript lent itself to an interpretation that led the Supreme Court to conclude that the Jaworski rights were in fact covered by the trial judge's oral advice. We surmise that the court was not approving the use of guilty plea forms to supply advice of Jaworski rights. We choose, therefore, to adhere to our position in Lockett and Lee that guilty-plea forms cannot be used to inform a defendant of his Jaworski rights. Since defendant was not personally informed of his right to be presumed innocent, his plea is constitutionally defective and must be vacated.
Defendant's attempted breaking and entering conviction is affirmed. His habitual offender plea is vacated. Remanded.