Opinion
Docket No. 54484.
Decided December 7, 1981.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, L. Brooks Patterson, Prosecuting Attorney, Robert C. Williams, Chief Appellate Counsel, and Geoffrey H. Nickol, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
John D. Lazar, for defendant on appeal.
Defendant was convicted following a bench trial of assault with intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83; MSA 28.278, and kidnapping, MCL 750.349; MSA 28.581. Thereafter sentenced to two concurrent life imprisonment terms, he appeals as of right.
The trial testimony reveals that Paul Bosler, age 12, was throwing a baseball against a wall when the defendant approached him, picked him up and carried him approximately 40 feet to an area behind the wall. Bosler then began to shout, so the defendant laid him down and began strangling him. While on routine patrol, a policeman observed defendant lying in a grassy field. As the officer approached to investigate, defendant released his hold on the victim's neck. Bosler jumped up and ran to the patrolman who immediately arrested defendant. On appeal, defendant raises numerous issues.
Defendant's first claim of error is that he was denied effective assistance of counsel. In People v Garcia, 398 Mich. 250; 247 N.W.2d 547 (1976), the Supreme Court set forth a bifurcated test for determining whether a defendant has been deprived of his constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel. The first prong of the test requires that defense counsel perform at least as well as a lawyer of ordinary skill and training in the criminal law. If such action that appears erroneous from hindsight has been taken for reasons that would appear sound to a competent criminal attorney, the assistance of counsel has not been constitutionally deficient. However, even where the overall performance of trial counsel satisfies this constitutional minimum, a defendant also has a right to a fair trial. If an attorney makes a serious mistake, but for which a defendant reasonably might have been acquitted, a new trial is necessary. Id., 266.
With respect to the first branch of inquiry, we find that defense counsel did perform at least as well as a lawyer with ordinary training and skill in the criminal law and did conscientiously protect defendant's interests. He requested a psychiatric evaluation to determine the defendant's competency to stand trial. He filed a motion to dismiss, alleging that the defendant had been denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial. He made various pretrial efforts to get an early trial date. Trial counsel attempted to impeach the testimony of the complainant by reference to statements he had made at the preliminary examination. He filed a motion to dismiss at the conclusion of the prosecution's proofs on the basis that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the charge. Defense counsel's overall performance was more than capable.
Defendant's ineffective assistance of counsel argument is also predicated on four specific mistakes allegedly made by his defense counsel. The first claim of improper representation relates to trial counsel's failure to raise an insanity defense. In connection with the determination that defendant was competent to stand trial, the forensic examiner found "no overt signs of past or present mental illness". In addition to diagnosing the defendant as generally "free from major psychiatric illness", the examiner found that defendant recognized how terrifying his approaches are to the victims. Our review of the report persuades us that had an insanity defense been raised it would have had little chance of success. The record does not reflect whether defense counsel considered raising an insanity defense. However, in view of the foregoing, it appears that even if he did fail to consider it the defendant was not denied effective assistance of counsel. If the defense had been raised, it does not appear that defendant would have had a reasonably likely chance of acquittal. Garcia, supra.
Defendant relies on three cases where counsel's failure to investigate and consider the possibility of an insanity defense denied the defendant effective assistance of counsel. In each of these cases, the defendant had a documented history of psychiatric problems. In two of the cases, the defendant initially had been found incompetent to stand trial, and defense counsel still did not argue the defense of insanity at trial. In the present case, no history of past or present mental illness was found.
Since the trial counsel requested a psychiatric evaluation to determine the defendant's competency to stand trial, it seems that counsel was aware of the law relating to the insanity defense. Based on this clinical examination, the trial counsel could have concluded that an insanity defense was not the best tactical choice. Based on our reading of the forensic examination and the records of this case, we cannot say that defendant's attorney's decision amounted to ineffective assistance of counsel. See People v Lotter, 103 Mich. App. 386; 302 N.W.2d 879 (1981).
Defendant next claims that trial counsel erred because he failed to move for a change of venue. He contends that a tremendous amount of pretrial publicity was generated because initially it was believed that the defendant was responsible for several other killings in Oakland County. Defendant alleges that it would have been impossible to impanel an impartial jury in Oakland County and that therefore defense counsel's failure to move for a change of venue constituted a serious mistake which caused him to forego his constitutional right to a trial by jury.
The decision whether or not to move for a change of venue constitutes a matter of trial strategy. It is well-established that this Court is reluctant to substitute its judgment for that of defense counsel in matters of trial strategy. Lotter, supra. Considering the amount of pretrial publicity which was generated statewide by the defendant's arrest and the nature of the charges, defense counsel well may have decided that a bench trial was preferable to a jury trial regardless of where it was held. That decision does not appear to have been unreasonable. Even if we found that defense counsel committed a serious error in failing to file a motion for change of venue, it does not follow that the defendant's chances for acquittal would have been enhanced had the mistake not been made. Such a conclusion would require a finding that a defendant who chooses a jury trial has a greater likelihood of acquittal than one who chooses a bench trial. We can find no evidence supporting that conclusion.
Another assertion is that counsel's failure to move the trial judge to disqualify himself constituted a serious mistake requiring a new trial. We find that trial counsel's decision not to challenge the trial judge is not a serious mistake where it can be shown that the judge is not biased against the defendant. As part of our discussion of defendant's fourth issue, we find no evidence that the trial judge was biased or prejudiced. Hence, counsel's decision not to challenge the trial judge does not render counsel incompetent.
Finally, defendant claims a serious mistake in defense counsel's failure to procure a copy of defendant's preliminary examination transcript. He contends that this failure precluded his attorney from effectively conducting cross-examination of the complaining witness. Although defense counsel did not have a copy of the transcript, it appears that he was intimately familiar with the statements that Bosler had made at that examination. He conducted extensive cross-examination concerning those statements. We cannot see how counsel could have conducted cross-examination more effectively had he obtained a copy of the transcript prior to the trial. In addition, it does not appear that had he obtained a copy of the transcript, defendant reasonably might have been acquitted. Therefore, we find that defendant was afforded effective assistance of counsel and a fair trial.
We find defendant's second claim of error to be without merit. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant's motion to view the scene of the crime. Such questions are for the trial judge to decide. MCL 768.28; MSA 28.1051, People v Hughie Lewis, 97 Mich. App. 359; 296 N.W.2d 22 (1980). Where, as here, a judge finds that photographs in conjunction with a diagram accurately depict the scene of a crime, that there is no dispute concerning the accuracy of the photographs, and that a view would not help decide the facts in this case, an abuse of discretion cannot be said to have occurred. These are cogent reasons for denying the motion. People v Crown, 75 Mich. App. 206; 254 N.W.2d 843 (1977), lv den 402 Mich. 803 (1977).
Third, defendant contends that sufficient evidence was not introduced to support his conviction of assault with intent to commit murder and kidnapping. This Court will not set aside the findings of fact by a trial court in a criminal case unless they are shown to be clearly erroneous. GCR 1963, 517.1, People v Bruce Ramsey, 89 Mich. App. 468; 280 N.W.2d 565 (1979), lv den 407 Mich. 861 (1979). The findings of fact will not be said to be clearly erroneous unless the reviewing court, after reviewing the whole record, is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. People v Starghill, 99 Mich. App. 790; 298 N.W.2d 641 (1980).
The trial court's findings are not clearly erroneous in relation to defendant's claim that insufficient evidence was introduced to support his conviction of assault with intent to commit murder. The trial court found that the defendant had choked Bosler and that had the choking continued Bosler would have died. It further found that the defendant did not release his grip on Bosler until after he saw the approaching police car. These findings, which defendant does not seriously contest, are in accord with the evidence. However, the defendant contends that even if these findings are accepted as true the evidence was insufficient to permit the trial court to infer an intent to kill. The trial court found that the defendant would have continued to strangle Bosler but for the approach of the police officer. Intent to kill may be inferred where the natural tendency of behavior is to cause death or great bodily harm. People v Richardson, 409 Mich. 126; 293 N.W.2d 332 (1980). The natural tendency of defendant's behavior was to cause the death of Bosler. Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to support the trial court's findings that defendant possessed the specific intent to kill.
We do not reach the same result in regard to defendant's conviction on the charge of kidnapping. Defendant maintains that the movement of Bosler was merely incidental to the underlying assault and that therefore the asportation element of kidnapping is lacking. The people argue that movement incident to another coequal offense is sufficient to establish the asportation element and that, even if this was not a coequal offense, the asportation element is satisfied where the movement enhances the danger associated with the underlying offense.
In People v Adams, 389 Mich. 222; 205 N.W.2d 415 (1973), the Supreme Court formulated the asportation standard for Michigan's kidnapping statute, MCL 750.349; MSA 28.581. The Court found that the asportation element must not be merely incidental to the commission of a lesser underlying crime, but it must be incidental to the commission of the kidnapping.
As to movement that is incidental to a coequal offense, the Supreme Court has recently expanded the rule established in Adams. In People v Barker, 411 Mich. 291; 307 N.W.2d 61 (1981), the Court held that the asportation element of kidnapping is not satisfied if the movement of the victim is incidental to the commission of an underlying coequal offense. The asportation element instituted in Adams is crucial, regardless of the length of punishment. In Adams and Barker, the Court noted that enhanced danger is only a factor to aid the factfinder in determining the asportation element.
In the present case, the trial court found:
"I have looked at several cases in which kidnapping has been discussed in connection with another charge. The kidnapping in this case is combined with another charge with an equally severe penalty. Thus it need not be found that this kidnapping was incidental to a lesser offense. In any event, I find that the asportation of the boy in this case was obviously of the type that placed him in the position of greater danger. The forcible picking up, combined with the forcible confinement of Paul Bosler behind the wall and in the weeds was a willful, malicious act without lawful authority and was a kidnapping. I find the defendant guilty of this beyond a reasonable doubt."
The court made no findings in determining that the movement was incidental to kidnapping. Nor does it appear that the trial court could have so found. The defendant picked up Bosler and carried him a maximum distance of 38 feet. He placed him on the ground and began to choke him. There is no evidence demonstrating that the purpose of the movement was for any other purpose than to commit the assault. In fact, the prosecutor argued during trial that, with respect to the assault charge, the defendant's intent to kill could be inferred from the fact that he carried Bosler to a more isolated area. If that was defendant's purpose, the act of moving Bosler was clearly incidental to the assault, not incidental to kidnapping.
We recognize that a course of movement incidental to both a kidnapping and the assault could supply the asportation element. Barker, supra. However, in this case, the movement had no significance independent of the assault. The trial court's finding of additional danger to the victim is not sufficient to satisfy the asportation element of kidnapping.
Although the Barker opinion was not issued until after the trial court's findings had been made, it was made applicable to pending cases where the issue had been preserved. Therefore, we hold that the findings of fact by the trial court relative to asportation are clearly erroneous and reverse defendant's kidnapping conviction.
We find no merit in defendant's fourth claim that the trial judge erred in failing, sua sponte, to disqualify himself. Before the prosecutor's opening statement, the trial judge stated that he had "at least an outline of what apparently may have happened" and that therefore an opening statement was unnecessary unless the prosecution wished to make one. This statement does not indicate that the judge was already familiar with the facts. We cannot even infer that the trial court had a preconceived notion regarding defendant's guilt or innocence from his comments. The record does not disclose that the trial judge was in any way biased or prejudiced toward defendant. The record must show actual bias or prejudice before a conviction will be reversed on the ground that the trial judge should have disqualified himself. People v Elmore, 92 Mich. App. 678; 285 N.W.2d 417 (1979).
Defendant next argues that he was denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial. We conclude that defendant was not denied his right to a speedy trial under the balancing test set forth in Barker v Wingo, 407 U.S. 514; 92 S Ct 2182; 33 L Ed 2d 101 (1972). That test requires consideration of four factors: (1) length of delay, (2) reason for the delay, (3) defendant's assertion of his right to a speedy trial, and (4) prejudice to the defendant resulting from the delay.
The first factor is considered a triggering mechanism, whereby inquiry into the other factors in the balancing test is not made unless the delay is such that a presumption of prejudice arises. In People v Collins, 388 Mich. 680; 202 N.W.2d 769 (1972), the Michigan Supreme Court held that the presumption of prejudice arises when the delay exceeds 18 months. The slightly less than seven-month delay between defendant's arrest and trial in the present case thus does not trigger our application of the four-factor balancing test.
Even if we continued our inquiry into the other factors, we would conclude, based on an overall balancing of the Barker factors, that defendant was not deprived of his right to a speedy trial. The reason for the delay was caused by the forensic center in processing the clinical examination that defendant had requested. The record does not indicate that defendant made a demand for a speedy trial. Lastly, defendant undoubtedly suffered prejudice to his person resulting from the length of his incarceration prior to trial, but the more serious prejudice to his defense was not occasioned by the delay. The combination of these factors does not lead to the conclusion that defendant was denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial.
Defendant's last argument is that he is entitled to resentencing because the trial court mistakenly believed that by sentencing the defendant to a term of life imprisonment defendant would be eligible for parol in ten years. At the sentencing proceeding, the trial court expressly stated that defendant would be eligible for parole consideration after he had served ten years, despite the existence of 1978 PA 81 (Initiative Proposal B, now including MCL 792.233, 791.233b; MSA 28.2303, 28.2303(3). A panel of this Court has recently discussed this issue in People v Penn, 102 Mich. App. 731; 302 N.W.2d 298 (1981). In sentencing Penn to life imprisonment, the trial court stated that it interpreted the life imprisonment sentence as it had been interpreted prior to the passage of Proposal B. However, the trial court's interpretation was at odds with OAG, 1979, No 5583 (October 16, 1979), which states that Proposal B prohibits an earlier release than the minimum term of the imprisonment. A life sentence was interpreted as being nonparolable with respect to crimes listed in Proposal B. The Penn Court held that regardless of the Attorney General's opinion's validity that opinion and not the trial court's interpretation of the law was binding on the Department of Corrections. Therefore, the trial court interpreted the effect of Proposal B erroneously and the defendant was found to be entitled to resentencing.
In the present case, defendant was convicted of a crime listed on Proposal B's list of crimes, which, according to the Attorney General's opinion, are nonparolable where a life sentence is imposed. Since the Attorney General's opinion is still binding upon the Department of Corrections, the trial court erred in its interpretation of law in sentencing the defendant. Because the record indicates that the trial court may have intended to sentence the defendant to a parolable life term and because the Department of Corrections cannot presently honor that intent, we vacate defendant's sentence and remand for resentencing consistent with the court's intent.
Since we remand this case for resentencing, it is unnecessary for us to decide defendant's other issues related to remanding this case for resentencing.
Affirmed in part; reversed in part. Remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We retain no jurisdiction.