Opinion
No. 79CA0997
Decided August 28, 1980. Rehearing denied October 23, 1980. Certiorari denied February 17, 1981.
Appeal from the District Court of Pueblo County, Honorable Richard D. Robb, Judge.
Stephen A. Reed, Assistant County Attorney, for petitioner-appellee.
Jon S. Nicholls, David P. Holmes, for respondents-appellants and other interested parties. Division I.
In 1975, the trial court entered a judgment terminating the parental rights of P.G.F. and M.F. in their child, T.A.F. In 1979, S.F., the child's maternal aunt, B.F., S.F.'s spouse, and the other respondents, maternal aunts and uncles of the child who constitute a portion of the child's extended family, were made parties to the action and were enjoined from visiting the child. S.F. and B.F. appeal the trial court's permanent injunction and the trial court's denial of their request for relief from the 1975 judgment. We affirm.
In November of 1972, a petition in dependency and neglect was filed by the People for the benefit of T.A.F. and his two older brothers. The day after the petition was filed a court employee was appointed guardian ad litem for the three children. However, the guardian ad litem did not appear at any subsequent proceeding.
In January 1973, the children were declared dependent and neglected. A dispositional hearing commenced in January 1974, and S.F. testified as a witness for the parents during that hearing. In May 1975, the trial court terminated the parental rights of P.G.F. and M.F. and placed the three children in the custody of the Pueblo County Department of Social Services (the Department). The court's termination order included a finding that placement with relatives would not be in the best interests of the children. It was not appealed.
On March 17, 1978, the trial court entered an order retiring the case from the court's docket.
From July 5, 1973, to November 13, 1978, the child resided in a foster home in Pueblo, Colorado. During that time he was visited by the respondents and by his brother. In November of 1978, T.A.F. was placed for adoption with J.B. and D.B., who reside in Florence, Colorado, outside of Pueblo County.
On March 22, 1979, the People filed a motion to join B.F., S.F. and the other respondents to the dependency action and also filed a motion for temporary and permanent injunctive relief against all named respondents. On March 27, 1979, the motion to join respondents was granted.
On May 22, 1979, B.F. and S.F., individually and, allegedly, "on behalf of and as members of a class, The Extended Family of the child," filed a motion pursuant to C.R.C.P. 60(b) denominated a "motion for appropriate orders." On May 24, 1979, they filed an amended motion for appropriate orders requesting the trial court to set aside and relieve them from the May 12, 1975, termination order. It did not incorporate the class status allegations of the first motion.
On June 5, 1979, the trial court entered a permanent injunction restraining the respondents from any and all contact with T.A.F. "until the adoption of T.A.F. became final." On August 16, 1979, the trial court denied the C.R.C.P. 60(b) motion of S.F. and B.F. The notice of appeal in this case was filed only by S.F. and B.F.
B.F. and S.F. contend that the trial court had no jurisdiction to grant injunctive relief against respondents because the case had been retired from the court's docket prior to the filing of the People's motions. We disagree.
This argument challenges the lower court's jurisdiction and, therefore, may be considered on appeal even though not presented to the trial court. Peaker v. Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District, 174 Colo. 210, 483 P.2d 232 (1971). The trial court retains jurisdiction over all juvenile cases until the child is emancipated. Section 19-3-118, C.R.S. 1973. The March 1978 order removed this case from the docket of cases maintained by the trial court; it did not, however, affect that court's continuing statutory jurisdiction over T.A.F.
S.F. and B.F. also assert that the May 12, 1975 termination order is void because (1) T.A.F.'s guardian ad litem did not exercise any authority on behalf of the child, thus depriving him of constitutional rights of representation; and (2) the 1972 petition for dependency and neglect filed by the People did not confer jurisdiction upon the trial court to terminate the parental rights of the child's natural parents. They contend they have standing to challenge the validity of the 1975 termination order pursuant to C.R.C.P. 60(b) because in 1979 they were joined as respondents to the proceedings at the People's request. We conclude that S.F. and B.F. are not "parties" as contemplated by C.R.C.P. 60(b). We therefore address neither the merits of their constitutional arguments nor the possibility that other means for resolution of such issues might be available.
C.R.C.P. 60(b), insofar as is pertinent here, states as follows:
"On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party or his legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons: . . . (3) the judgment is void . . . ."
The rule, patterned upon its federal counterpart, permits one who is the object of a judicial order to challenge the validity of such order subsequent to its entry. See Farmers Elevator Co. v. First National Bank, 181 Colo. 231, 508 P.2d 1260 (1973); Riss v. Air Rental, Inc., 136 Colo. 216, 315 P.2d 820 (1957); Dudley v. Keller, 33 Colo. App. 320, 521 P.2d 175 (1974). The rule permits the trial court to correct errors and to prevent injustice for numerous reasons; in most instances the party seeking relief must present evidence to justify the request for relief, thus invoking the fact-finding authority of the trial court. See Rowe v. Watered Down Farms, 195 Colo. 152, 576 P.2d 172 (1978).
The 1975 order terminated the parental rights of the child's natural parents. Contrary to their assertions, S.F. and B.F. did not suffer a loss of legal rights as a result of that order. Although as relatives, they could have intervened at any stage of the dependency and neglect proceedings, People in the Interest of M.C.D.M., 34 Colo. App. 91, 522 P.2d 1234 (1974), they did not do so, and thus, were not parties at the time the termination order was entered.
Isolated federal cases extending standing under federal Rule 60(b) to persons not named as a party at the time of the challenged judgment are limited to contexts wherein the person seeking relief was directly affected by the challenged judgment or was in privity with a party who was the object of the judgment. See, e.g., Mayberry v. Maroney, 529 F.2d 332 (3rd Cir. 1976); Wright v. County School Board, 309 F. Supp. 671 (E.D. Va. 1970). In 1975, S.F. and B.F. were not in privity with the child's natural parents with respect to the parents' parental rights; moreover, the legal interests of B.F. and S.F. were restricted by the 1979 restraining order, not the 1975 termination order. Hence, we conclude that S.F. and B.F. have no standing here to challenge the 1975 judgment under C.R.C.P. 60(b). See In Re Four Seasons Security Laws Litigation, 525 F.2d 500 (10th Cir. 1975); Ratner v. Bakery Confectionary Workers International Union, 394 F.2d 780 (D.C.App. 1968); United States v. 140.80 Acres of Land, 32 F.R.D. 11 (E.D. La. 1963).
Judgment and order affirmed.
JUDGE VAN CISE concurs.
JUDGE BERMAN dissents.