Opinion
A98A1686.
DECIDED: FEBRUARY 8, 1999 — RECONSIDERATION DENIED MARCH 1, 1999 — CERT. APPLIED FOR.
Action on policy. Gwinnett Superior Court. Before Judge Jackson.
Hertz Link, Houston D. Smith III, for appellant.
Rowe Lawler, William P. Rowe III, for appellees.
Peachtree Casualty Insurance Company (Peachtree), having filed a declaratory judgment action regarding coverage, appeals from the trial court's grant of summary judgment to its insured Young Ho Kim and State Farm Insurance Company (State Farm) and its insured and claimant under UM coverage, Chan Woo Hyun and So Young Na, in this suit arising from an accident between Kim's automobile and that of Hyun and Na.
Peachtree contends that the following exclusion in its policy precludes liability coverage and its duty to defend because, at the time of the accident, Kim's license had been revoked. "Liability coverage and duty to defend does not apply to: . . . 13. Bodily injury or property damage caused by your insured car when it is driven, operated or used with your permission by a person whom you know: . . . d. Has a revoked driver's license." The definitions section states that "`[ y]ou' and ` your' mean the `named insured' shown on the Declarations Page and spouse, if a resident of the same household."
At the time he obtained the insurance, Kim was a licensed driver.
As used in the liability part of the policy, "` [i]nsured person' or ` insured persons' means: a. You or a relative with respect to an accident involving your insured car. b. You or a relative while driving a non-owned car with permission. c. Any other person driving your insured car with your permission." (Underlined provisions in bold in policy.)
The issue, then, is whether the insured, under this exclusion, can be considered a "permissive user," i.e., does one give oneself permission to drive without a license so as to trigger the exclusion?
"Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. OCGA § 9-11-56 (c). A de novo standard of review applies to an appeal from a grant of summary judgment, and we view the evidence, and all reasonable conclusions and inferences drawn from it, in the light most favorable to the nonmovant." Matjoulis v. Integon Gen. Ins. Corp., 226 Ga. App. 459 (1) ( 486 S.E.2d 684) (1997).
"In Georgia, an insurer may fix the terms of its policy as it wishes, insuring against certain risks and excluding others, provided the terms are not contrary to law. Hulstzman v. State Farm Fire c. Co., 188 Ga. App. 12 (2) ( 372 S.E.2d 9) (1988). Where an insurer grants coverage to an insured, any exclusions from that coverage must be defined clearly and distinctly. American Southern Ins. Co. v. Golden, 188 Ga. App. 585, 586 ( 373 S.E.2d 652) (1988). Insurance in Georgia is a matter of contract and the parties to the contract of insurance are bound by its plain and unambiguous terms. Richards v. Hanover Ins. Co., 250 Ga. 613 (1) ( 299 S.E.2d 561) (1983). However, if a provision of an insurance contract is susceptible of two or more constructions, even when the multiple constructions are all logical and reasonable, it is ambiguous ( Lakeshore Marine v. Hartford Accident c. Co., 164 Ga. App. 417 (2) (a) ( 296 S.E.2d 418) (1982)), and the statutory rules of contract construction will be applied. Pursuant to the rule of construction set forth at OCGA § 13-2-2 (5), the contract will be construed strictly against the insurer/drafter and in favor of the insured. See American Southern Ins. Co. v. Golden, supra, 188 Ga. App. at 586." Hurst v. Grange Mut. Cas. Co., 266 Ga. 712, 716 (4) ( 470 S.E.2d 659) (1996).
The clause at issue is not the newer "easy reading" clause addressed in Hurst, but the older "omnibus" clause. Id., at 713 (1). The newer clause uses "any person" instead of you and would, without question, include an unlicenced insured. Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Plummer, 213 Ga. App. 265, 266 (1) ( 444 S.E.2d 378) (1994), overruled on other grounds, Hurst, supra at 717.
We need not determine whether the clause includes or does not include the insured as a matter of law, however, because, as concluded by the trial court, the clause is subject to more than one reasonable interpretation which requires that it be interpreted in favor of the insured, Kim.
There is no Georgia case on point, since most such cases have involved a separate person. See Southeastern Security Ins. Co. v. Empire Banking Co., 230 Ga. App. 755 ( 498 S.E.2d 282) (1998). The Wisconsin Court of Appeals has concluded that one cannot give permission to oneself to drive a car under these circumstances. Loewenhagen v. Integrity Mutual Ins. Co., 164 Wis.2d 82, 90 ( 473 N.W.2d 574) (1991).
While Peachtree argues vigorously that it is implicit in the policy that the driver/insured must be licensed and, therefore, the exclusion applies, that is not clear from the policy as a whole. Had Peachtree, as drafter of the policy wanted to include such a requirement, it should have definitively done so. See Brown v. North American c. Ins. Co., 235 Ga. App. 299 (1) ( 508 S.E.2d 741) (1998).
Therefore, summary judgment was properly granted to State Farm and Kim.
Judgment affirmed. Ruffin, J., and Senior Appellate Judge Harold R. Banke concur.