Opinion
(Filed 22 November, 1904.)
COSTS — Ejectment — The Code, secs. 525, 526, 527.
In ejectment, where the defendant denies the right to possession and denies that plaintiff holds title in trust for him, and judgment is rendered that the defendant is entitled to the land upon payment of an amount found due the plaintiff, no part of the cost is taxable against the defendant.
ACTION by J. M. Patterson against R. A. Ramsey, heard by Judge O. H. Allen and a jury, at February Term, 1904, of IREDELL.
Armfield Turner, for the plaintiff.
L. C. Caldwell, W. G. Lewis and H. P. Grier, for the defendant.
This action was brought to recover possession of a tract of land. Defendant set up in defense a parol trust, as follows: That the plaintiff bought the lands at a public sale made by the trustee under a power contained in a deed of trust executed by the defendant to S. J. Brawley to secure a debt due him, and that prior to the sale he promised and agreed to hold it in trust for the defendant until he could pay the amount of the purchase-money advanced by the plaintiff, which was $3,995. That defendant remained in possession of the land after the sale, upon an agreement to pay the plaintiff out of the rents and profits a sufficient amount each year to keep down the interest, with which agreement he complied. That defendant offered to settle with the plaintiff upon the basis of (562) $3,995 and interest thereon if plaintiff would account for the rents and profits received by him, but he declined the offer and insisted upon receiving $6,000 as the price of the land, and would agree to settle only on that basis. Defendant, in his answer (section 6), avers his willingness to settle with the plaintiff and to pay him any amount found due according to their contract or agreement. Although no reply was filed by the plaintiff to the answer, he seems to have denied the trust, as an issue was submitted to the jury, based upon the averment in the answer of a trust, which was found in favor of defendant. Upon this finding of the jury the Court, at November Term, 1902 (Judge Neal presiding), adjudged that the plaintiff was not the owner of the land, but that he held the legal title in trust for the defendant, and directed a conveyance of the title to be made by the plaintiff to the defendant upon the payment by the latter of the sum found due to the former, which sum, until it should be paid, was declared a lien upon the land. A reference was then ordered to state an account. The referees reported to November Term, 1903, finding that the defendant owed plaintiff $3,327.61, and exceptions were filed to the report by both parties. At February Term, 1904 (Judge O. H. Allen presiding), counsel for the respective parties agreed in writing as to the rulings upon the exceptions which increased the amount which was found by the referees to be due to $3,558.61, and it was then further agreed by them that judgment should be entered therefor. The Court thereupon adjudged that the plaintiff convey the land to the defendant upon the payment of the debt thus ascertained, and that "all the costs incurred before the referees, including witnesses both for the plaintiff and defendant, be taxed by the Clerk of the Court against the defendant." There were other costs taxed against the defendant, but he took no exception thereto. Costs accrued to the time of making the order of reference were taxed against the plaintiff. The Court provided for a (563) sale of the land if defendant failed to pay the debt and costs taxed against him by the day named in the judgment. Defendant excepted to that part of the judgment taxing against him the costs of the reference as above set forth, and appealed.
Upon the foregoing statement of facts taken from the record, we think his Honor erred in taxing the defendant with any part of the costs covered by his exception. The taxation and payment of costs are now regulated by statute ( Clerk v. Comrs., 121 N.C. 29), and the courts have no power, of course, to adjudge costs against any of the parties to an action otherwise than is indicated in the statute, save perhaps in some cases where the Court may exercise its discretion, but this case is not within any such exception. It is provided by the statute that "costs shall be allowed, of course, to the plaintiff upon a recovery in the following cases: (1) In an action for the recovery of real property, or when a claim of title to real property arises on the pleadings or is certified by the Court to have come in question at the trial. (2) In an action to recover the possession of personal property. (3) In actions of which a court of a justice of the peace has no jurisdiction. "The Code, sec. 525. "Costs shall be allowed, of course, to the defendant in the actions mentioned in the preceding section, unless the plaintiff be entitled to costs therein." Section 526. "In other actions costs may be allowed or not, in the discretion of the Court." Section 527. This is an action for the recovery of real property, and the plaintiff has not only (564) not recovered it, but the legal title which he holds has been decreed to be conveyed by him to the defendant upon compliance by the latter with a certain condition — the payment of the sum due to the plaintiff. So that, the plaintiff has not "recovered" in the case within the meaning of the statute. He sought to recover the land in violation of a parol trust which affected his conscience and required him to surrender the possession of the land and the title upon the defendant's paying the money due. He denied the trust, and upon the issue raised by this denial he was defeated before the jury. It then became necessary to ascertain the amount due by the defendant, the parties having disagreed as to what it was. For this purpose a reference was ordered, to which order no exception was taken by either party. The bare fact that the referees found that defendant was indebted to the plaintiff in the amount mentioned in their report did not of itself subject the defendant to the payment of any costs — not even to the costs of the reference. In order to determine who should pay the costs, we must consider the general result and inquire as to who has, in the view of the law, succeeded in the action. When a plaintiff sues to recover land and the defendant denies the allegations of ownership and right to the possession and avers that plaintiff holds the land in trust for him, which trust the plaintiff denies, if the trust is established and plaintiff loses what he sued for, can it be said that he has recovered merely because, upon a reference to ascertain the amount due, the referees report a balance against the defendant? If so, he recovers something that he did not sue for, and which he denied when he brought the action and up to the time of the adverse verdict of the jury belonged to him. A recovery within the meaning of The Code cannot be predicated of anything coming to him which was not in the contemplation of the plaintiff when he filed his complaint, and especially of a thing to which he virtually disclaimed any right (565) or title. The reference and report of the referees were necessary to determine the extent of the defendant's equity, as the payment of the amount found to be due by him is the condition upon which only the Court will enforce that equity. Instead of the plaintiff having recovered in the action, the defendant has done so, because the plaintiff has failed to get the specific relief he demanded or anything akin to it, and the defendant has been awarded that for which he prayed, although he is required to pay money to the plaintiff, as in the case of a mortgagor redeeming his property. The equity arose out of the promise of the plaintiff to buy and hold the land for the defendant's use and benefit and to convey it to him when he paid the purchase-money or any balance due thereon, so that the obligation to pay the money was an inherent part of the equity.
In Vestal v. Sloan, 83 N.C. 555 (S.C., 76 N.C. 127), we find a case essentially like ours in its facts. The plaintiff brought suit to recover land and the defendant set up a parol trust, which was denied by the plaintiff. The jury found against the plaintiff and an order was made for an account, as the parties differed in respect to the amount due by the defendant. The referee's report showed that the defendant owed the plaintiff. Exceptions were filed by defendant and overruled, and the plaintiff was adjudged to make title to the defendant upon payment of the balance due. Costs were taxed against the defendant and he excepted. In this connection the Court said: "The object of the action instituted was the recovery of possession of the land and the establishment of the plaintiff's legal title in fee thereto. The defense set up was a trust attaching to the legal estate and the right to redeem upon payment of the residue of the debt with which the land was charged. Most of the costs were incurred in determining this controversy and the sum to (566) be paid in redeeming, and in this the defendants prevailed and they are allowed to redeem upon payment of what is due. The plaintiff has not recovered the real property claimed in the action, so as to entitle him to recover his costs (The Code, sec. 525, C. C. P., sec. 276), while the defendants have sustained their counter claim and equity, which is but a reversed action between the same parties in which relief is at once afforded instead of the defendants being forced to seek it in a new suit before another tribunal." And, quoting from the opinion of TAYLOR, C. J., in Price v. Sykes, 8 N.C. 87, it is further said: "With respect to costs, they ought to be paid by the defendants (the plaintiffs in the action), since they prosecuted an unjust claim at law and have set up an inequitable defense in this Court." The Court finally held that the plaintiff had failed in his action and should pay the costs. To the same effect is Currie v. Clark, 101 N.C. 321, where the same questions precisely were involved. The Court in that case sums up the matter in these words: "We think the third exception as to the costs in the Court below must be sustained. The plaintiff failed to recover the land, to recover which alone the action was brought. The defendants alleged and established an equitable defense, which rendered it expedient and just to administer certain equitable rights of the plaintiff, but the latter failed wholly to maintain the action as to the purpose for which it was brought."
But the plaintiff's counsel contend that, as the defendant denied that anything was due, he thereby made an accounting necessary and should therefore be taxed with the costs of the reference. The record tends to show that the plaintiff himself did not know what was due, or, if he did, he did not disclose it or claim any particular sum. For this reason a reference was necessary. But it seems to us the cases above (567) cited furnish an answer to the contention, and further that Bruner v. Threadgill, 93 N.C. 225, is decisive of this case. There a mortgagor brought an action to redeem, and the mortgagee resisted his right and lost. A reference was ordered for an accounting, and in order to ascertain the balance due by the mortgagor. A balance was reported in favor of the mortgagee and the usual judgment rendered for the payment of the amount due, and, in default of payment by a certain day, for a sale of the land. The mortgagee was adjudged to be taxed with all the costs. He excepted and appealed. This Court held that a judgment decreeing a sale and allowing the plaintiff in that way to redeem was one in favor of the plaintiff, within the meaning of the law, and affirmed the decision of the Court below.
There is error in the ruling of the Court, and the defendant's exception is sustained.
Error.
Cited: Williams v. Hughes, 139 N.C. 20.
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