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holding no knowledge of certain injury from harmful vapors where a "decision to clean the tank was made on the spot" by a nonsupervisory employee
Summary of this case from House v. JohnsonOpinion
Docket No. 180033.
Submitted April 3, 1996, at Detroit.
Decided April 22, 1997, at 9:00 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
Lopatin, Miller, Freedman, Bluestone, Herskovic Heilmann (by Richard E. Shaw), for the plaintiff.
Sommers, Schwartz, Silver Schwartz, P.C. (by C.F. Boyle, Jr., and Patrick Burkett), for Karmazin Products Corporation.
This case involves the tragic work-related death of Christopher Palazzola on July 16, 1992. Plaintiff, as personal representative of the estate of Christopher Palazzola, brought suit against defendant Karmazin Products Corporation, Palazzola's employer, seeking to apply the intentional tort exception to the exclusive remedy provided in the Worker's Disability Compensation Act (the act), MCL 418.131(1); MSA 17.237(131)(1). The trial court granted defendant's motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), reasoning that plaintiff had not raised a genuine factual issue regarding defendant's intent to injure and therefore the intentional tort exception to the exclusive remedy provided in the act did not apply. Plaintiff appeals as of right from this ruling. We affirm.
This section provides:
The right to the recovery of benefits as provided in this act shall be the employee's exclusive remedy against the employer for a personal injury or occupational disease. The only exception to this exclusive remedy is an intentional tort. An intentional tort shall exist only when an employee is injured as a result of a deliberate act of the employer and the employer specifically intended an injury. An employer shall be deemed to have intended to injure if the employer had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and willfully disregarded that knowledge. The issue of whether an act was an intentional tort shall be a question of law for the court. This subsection shall not enlarge or reduce rights under law.
I
Defendant is in the business of manufacturing radiators. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an agent used in a degreasing system that cleans radiator parts. As plaintiff acknowledges, in its liquid state, TCE apparently can be handled with relative safety and defendant's employees had submerged their hands in liquid TCE without adverse effect. However, TCE evaporates readily at room temperature and, in its gaseous state, can be harmful or fatal if ingested or inhaled. Defendant's degreaser operation is served by a cooling system consisting of a water holding tank located below ground level that measures four feet wide by eight feet long by six and a half feet high.
On July 16, 1992, defendant had temporarily suspended its operations for summer maintenance. The plant's manager of manufacturing and engineering, Kenneth McIver, directed that the water holding tank be drained and refilled with clean water. Maintenance crew leader, Joe Kucmienski, led a team of maintenance workers, including Christopher Palazzola, to accomplish this task.
The crew drained the tank and, upon doing so, discovered sludge in the bottom of the tank. Kucmienski testified that he had not expected to find sludge and that he decided to remove the sludge before refilling the tank because this seemed the "logical" thing to do. He directed a crew member, Michael Czerwonka, to begin this process. Czerwonka entered the tank and filled three buckets with sludge, which buckets had to be pulled out of the tank by rope. Following this, Kucmienski directed Palazzola to relieve Czerwonka. Czerwonka got out of the tank and Palazzola entered it.
McIver testified in his deposition that he merely had directed that the tank be drained and refilled and did not anticipate that anyone would be required to enter the tank in order to accomplish this assignment. Kucmienski testified that he had no appreciation when the sludge was discovered that it contained TCE or that removing the sludge was hazardous.
Czerwonka testified that, upon getting out, he did not immediately express to anyone, including Kucmienski, any physical distress as a result of being in the tank. Czerwonka further testified in his deposition that, before he entered the tank, he could smell the fumes but "it wasn't so bad" and that the fumes "weren't that strong at all." He also testified that, when he got out of the tank, he realized that he was "nauseous and extremely light-headed," but did not disclose this fact to anyone for a minute or two. At that point, Czerwonka told co-worker Dale Burzycki, "[t]hose fumes are strong now." Burzycki immediately informed Kucmienski who, in turn, ordered Palazzola out of the tank. Czerwonka testified that, at the time he informed Burzycki about the strength of the fumes, Palazzola had been in the tank for a "minute or two at tops."
Unfortunately, by that point, Palazzola had become overwhelmed and was collapsing in the tank. Kucmienski entered the tank in an attempt to rescue Palazzola and he too was overcome. An effort to rescue both men ensued, wherein fire and police personnel were contacted. Kucmienski and Palazzola were not removed from the tank for another 1 1/2 hours. Although Kucmienski survived, Palazzola died as a result of his exposure.
II
On appeal, plaintiff argues that defendant's knowledge of the danger was foreseeable and that its decision to expose its employees to the TCE fumes in the holding tank falls within the intentional tort exception of the act. After plaintiff appealed to this Court, our Supreme Court issued Travis v Dreis Krump Mfg Co, 453 Mich. 149; 551 N.W.2d 132 (1996), construing the act's intentional tort exception and outlining the proofs necessary to qualify under the exception.
Although the determination whether the facts alleged by the plaintiff are true is one for the trier of fact, it is a question for the court to determine whether the facts alleged are sufficient to constitute an intentional tort within the meaning of the act. Zuke v Fritz Enterprises, Inc, 202 Mich. App. 572, 576; 509 N.W.2d 787 (1993). Therefore, on the basis of the Supreme Court's construction of the intentional tort exception in Travis, supra, we must determine whether plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to bring his action within the intentional tort exception to the exclusive remedy of the act.
III
The disability benefits provided under the act are the exclusive remedy for work-related injuries. MCL 418.131(1); MSA 17.237(131)(1). In 1986, although the statutory language contained no exception to this exclusive remedy, the Supreme Court in Beauchamp v Dow Chemical Co, 427 Mich. 1; 398 N.W.2d 882 (1986), recognized an intentional tort exception, reasoning that while accidental injuries were a matter of course in industry, intentional injuries were not. Id. at 16. Beauchamp further held that an employer could be held liable for an intentional tort if injury was "substantially certain" to occur from the employer's actions. Id. at 21-22.
Shortly after Beauchamp, the Legislature enacted the "intentional tort exception" to the exclusive remedy of the act:
The only exception to this exclusive remedy is an intentional tort. An intentional tort shall exist only when an employee is injured as a result of a deliberate act of the employer and the employer specifically intended an injury. An employer shall be deemed to have intended to injure if the employer had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and willfully disregarded that knowledge. The issue of whether an act was an intentional tort shall be a question of law for the court. [MCL 418.131(1); MSA 17.237(131)(1).]
As recognized in Travis, supra, this provision represents the Legislature's attempt to correct Beauchamp's interpretation that the exclusive remedy of the act did not apply when injury was "substantially certain" to result from the employer's actions. Travis, supra, at 164-165. In separate opinions, a majority of the Supreme Court's justices agreed in Travis that the Legislature intended that actions falling within the intentional tort exception encompassed only those in which an employer acts with a specific purpose to injure an employee. The Court's core holding concerning the construction of this provision was as follows:
A majority of the Court, Justices MALLETT, RILEY, BRICKLEY and WEAVER, concurred in the test established in Justice BOYLE's lead opinion. See Travis, supra at 191-192.
If we read both sentences of the intentional tort exception together, it becomes evident that an employer must have made a conscious choice to injure an employee and have deliberately acted or failed to act in furtherance of that intent. The second sentence then allows the employer's intent to injure to be inferred if the employer had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur, under circumstances indicating deliberate disregard of that knowledge. [ Id. at 180.]
In construing this provision, the lead opinion parsed the various critical phrases in the exception, articulating the elements of proof necessary to establish an employer's intent to injure through either direct or indirect evidence. To paraphrase the Travis Court at 169-171, a plaintiff must establish the following elements:
(1) "Deliberate act" — This includes both acts and omissions and encompasses situations in which the employer "consciously fails to act."
(2) "Specifically intended an injury" — An employer must have had a conscious purpose to bring about specific consequences. When an employer is a corporation, a particular employee must possess the requisite state of mind in order to prove an intentional tort. (Recognizing that direct evidence of intent is often unavailable, the Travis Court explained that the second sentence of the exception provides an alternative means of proving an employer's intent to injure. Id. at 172-173. Plaintiff here relies upon this alternative to establish the employer's intent. To paraphrase the Travis Court at 173-174, 176, 178-179, a plaintiff alternatively can prove intent to injure by establishing the following elements:
The Travis Court emphasized that "[t]he intent requirement will not be fulfilled by presenting `disconnected facts possessed by various employees or agents of that corporation. .. . '" Id. at 171-172, quoting Adams v Nat'l Bank of Detroit, 444 Mich. 329, 369; 508 N.W.2d 464 (1993).
(1) "Actual Knowledge" — This element of proof precludes liability based upon implied, imputed, or constructive knowledge. Actual knowledge for a corporate employer can be established by showing that a supervisory or managerial employee had "actual knowledge that an injury would follow from what the employer deliberately did or did not do." (2) "Injury certain to occur" — This element establishes an "extremely high standard" of proof that cannot be met by reliance on the laws of probability, the mere prior occurrence of a similar event, or conclusory statements of experts. Further, an employer's awareness that a dangerous condition exists is not enough. Instead, an employer must be aware that injury is certain to result from what the actor does.
(3) "Willfully disregard" — This element requires proof that an employer's act or failure to act must be more than mere negligence, e.g., failing to protect someone from a foreseeable harm. Instead, an employer must, in fact, disregard actual knowledge that an injury is certain to occur.
With these principles of proof in mind, we review whether the trial court properly granted Karmazin's motion for summary disposition.
IV
The trial court concluded that no genuine issue of material fact existed regarding whether Karmazin's agents had "actual knowledge that injury was certain to occur."
This Court reviews a motion for summary disposition de novo. Stehlik v Johnson (On Rehearing), 206 Mich. App. 83, 85; 520 N.W.2d 633 (1994). A motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual basis underlying a plaintiff's claim. Radtke v Everett, 442 Mich. 368, 374; 501 N.W.2d 155 (1993). MCR 2.116(C)(10) permits summary disposition when "[e]xcept as to the amount of damages, there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment or partial judgment as a matter of law." Id. A court reviewing such a motion, therefore, must consider the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions, and any other evidence in favor of the party opposing the motion, granting that party the benefit of any reasonable doubt, and determine whether there is a genuine issue of disputed fact. Id.
Applying the Travis Court's construction of the intentional tort exception of the act to the facts of this case, we conclude that plaintiff failed to establish, either through direct or circumstantial proof, that Karmazin's actions constitute an intentional tort. Plaintiff primarily contends that the evidence establishes that Karmazin repeatedly disregarded warnings that its workers' safety was in danger, and that plaintiff's decedent died as a result of Karmazin's continuing failure to advise employees of workplace danger as well as failure to provide appropriate safety equipment. Assuming arguendo that plaintiff's evidence establishes a deliberate act, i.e., a conscious failure to act, Travis, supra at 170, plaintiff's evidence does not support an inference that Karmazin acted with an intent to injure. Inasmuch as plaintiff asserts his claim under the second sentence of the exception, plaintiff has not established that defendant had "actual knowledge" of an "injury certain to occur" and that defendant "willfully disregarded" this knowledge.
A. MIOSHA REPORT
Plaintiff argues that the factors that led to Palazzola's death resulted from Karmazin's repeated failure to protect its employees from the known dangers of TCE. Plaintiff produced a MIOSHA (Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Act, MCL 408.1001 et seq.; MSA 17.50[1] et seq.) report from Michigan's Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health regarding Karmazin's past violations of worker-safety regulations. The report, which was prepared after Palazzola's death, indicated that Karmazin provided insufficient training and protection for workers asked to work in confined spaces. Plaintiff points out that the MIOSHA investigator found that Karmazin's violation of these regulations was "wilful," and that Karmazin also received a citation for safety violations after a worker nearly died from an entirely unrelated accident involving the inhalation of nitrogen gas in 1991. Plaintiff argues that this proves that Karmazin repeatedly disregarded warning signs that it was endangering its workers' safety in confined-space work assignments.
The reports by themselves, however, do not prove that a particular supervisory or managerial employee, who was also involved in the events on July 16, 1992, had actual knowledge of the danger of certain injury. As Travis instructs, liability cannot be premised upon constructive, imputed, or implied knowledge. Id. at 173. Moreover, conclusory statements by experts are insufficient to allege the certainty of injury contemplated by the Legislature. Id. at 174. Instead, to impute an intent to injure to the employer, a plaintiff is required to show that a particular employee of the defendant possessed knowledge of facts from which it could be concluded that this employee had the requisite intent to injure. McNees v Cedar Springs Stamping Co (After Remand), 219 Mich. App. 217, 223; 555 N.W.2d 481 (1996).
B. McIVER
Nevertheless, plaintiff contends that McIver, manager of manufacturing and engineering, had knowledge of the information in the MIOSHA report. Plaintiff argues that, with this knowledge, McIver had the responsibility to properly instruct Kucmienski and his crew how to clean the holding tank by providing required safety information and equipment. Plaintiff specifically alleges that McIver neither advised Kucmienski regarding the dangers of gaseous TCE nor instructed Kucmienski to test the air in the holding tank or provide workers with safety equipment.
However, plaintiff has not provided evidence that disputes the fact that McIver only directed the crew to drain and fill the tank, and that his instructions regarding the disposing of the tank water into barrels were consistent with that assignment. In his deposition, McIver testified that he neither had ordered cleaning inside the tank nor contemplated that the crew would enter the tank to clean it. As attested to by Kucmienski and other witnesses, the decision to clean the tank was made on the spot by Kucmienski. Thus, plaintiff has not shown that the alleged failure to test the air or provide respirators to crew members assigned to clean the tank resulted from McIver's actual knowledge that certain injury would occur in the water holding tank.
C. KUCMIENSKI
Plaintiff alternatively contends that Kucmienski had "actual knowledge." Specifically, plaintiff alleges that Kucmienski was aware of the dangers of TCE, knew that it contaminated the water in the holding tank, and ordered crew members to clean the sludge despite their hesitation because of the strong smell of TCE. Because Kucmienski was not a supervisory or managerial employee, his knowledge could not be attributed to his corporate employer, Karmazin. Travis, supra at 173.
McIver testified in his deposition that Kucmienski was an hourly maintenance employee, who had responsibility for leading maintenance crew members through assigned tasks and, although he assigned work to his crew, he had no authority to hire, fire, or discipline employees.
However, even if Kucmienski's knowledge and actions could be imputed to his employer, plaintiff has not established that Kucmienski had actual knowledge of certain injury. Assuming as true plaintiff's allegation that Kucmienski generally knew about the dangers of TCE and knew of its presence in the holding tank's water, those two facts do not establish knowledge of injury certain to occur. In his deposition, Kucmienski testified that he did not appreciate the danger of gaseous TCE in the holding tank. Further, his testimony is buttressed by evidence that he willingly entered the holding tank in an attempt to retrieve Palazzola.
The trial court observed that Kucmienski's willingness to enter the tank and attempt to retrieve Palazzola clearly indicates that he did not know of the danger. Plaintiff suggests that this fact should be disregarded in determining whether Kucmienski had prior knowledge of the danger because Kucmienski should have known of the risk of injury inside the holding tank. Although plaintiff makes a valid argument that a person's subsequent act may not conclusively negate the existence of prior knowledge, we still reject plaintiff's argument. As Travis instructs, it is not "sufficient to allege that the employer should have known, or had reason to believe, that injury was certain to occur." Travis, supra at 173.
Plaintiff next attempts to demonstrate that Kucmienski disregarded actual knowledge of certain danger by submitting evidence that he ordered both Czerwonka and Palazzola to go into the tank and remove the sludge despite their protests regarding the TCE fumes. To support this theory, plaintiff submitted an affidavit by Czerwonka that suggests that Czerwonka had directly confronted Kucmienski about the dangers of the tank-cleaning operation before an injury occurred. This affidavit was obtained after Czerwonka's deposition and contradicts his clear and unequivocal deposition testimony that the fumes were not that strong and that he first realized the adverse effects of the fumes about two minutes after leaving the holding tank. It is well settled that a party may not raise an issue of fact by submitting an affidavit that contradicts the party's prior clear and unequivocal testimony. Gamet v Jenks, 38 Mich. App. 719, 726; 197 N.W.2d 160 (1972). This Court has also held that the rule is equally applicable to nonparty witnesses. Kaufman Payton, PC v Nikkila, 200 Mich. App. 250, 257; 503 N.W.2d 728 (1993). Consequently, Czerwonka's affidavit does not create a genuine issue of disputed material fact.
Similarly, plaintiff has alleged that Palazzola entered the tank and reemerged, advising Kucmienski that he did not want to go back down. Plaintiff further alleged that Kucmienski, despite Palazzola's protest, ordered Palazzola back into the holding tank on pain of discharge. Plaintiff's basis for these allegations is the deposition testimony of Jerry Pitts. Pitts neither witnessed these events nor was he an employee of the company at the time of the incident. Pitts' "testimony" is based upon alleged conversations with two employees who were present, Michael Stein and Dale Burzycki. Both Stein and Burzycki have denied telling Pitts that Palazzola refused to enter the tank or that Kucmienski ordered him to do so or be fired. Irrespective of the denials, Pitts' deposition testimony is inadmissible double hearsay and was properly disregarded by the trial court. See SSC Associates Ltd Partnership v General Retirement System of the City of Detroit, 192 Mich. App. 360, 364; 480 N.W.2d 275 (1991) ("Opinions, conclusionary denials, unsworn averments, and inadmissible hearsay do not satisfy the court rule; disputed fact [or the lack of it] must be established by admissible evidence.").
Plaintiff argues without citation of authority that Pitts' testimony was admissible because he was relaying statements from defendant's employees that were admissible in and of themselves. Because plaintiff fails to cite authority in support of this proposition, he effectively has abandoned this issue. The appellant may not merely announce his position and leave it to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, Mitcham v Detroit, 355 Mich. 182, 203; 94 N.W.2d 388 (1959); Sargent v Browning-Ferris Industries, 167 Mich. App. 29, 32-33; 421 N.W.2d 563 (1988), nor may he give issues cursory treatment with little or no citation of supporting authority, Goolsby v Detroit, 419 Mich. 651, 655, n 1; 358 N.W.2d 856 (1984); Community Nat'l Bank of Pontiac v Michigan Basic Property Ins Ass'n, 159 Mich. App. 510, 520-521; 407 N.W.2d 31 (1987).
After reviewing the entire record, we have found no corroboration for Pitts' or Czerwonka's allegations in the record and all other witnesses deposed denied that any crew member expressed concern or protested regarding the procedure of entering the tank to clean the sludge. Thus, plaintiff has failed to establish that Kucmienski had the requisite knowledge of certain injury.
D. ABSENCE OF PRIOR INCIDENTS
As stated above, the record establishes that defendant had no prior knowledge that employees would enter the holding tank to clean remaining sludge, or even that the tank, when drained, would contain sludge. Further, although plaintiff alludes to a prior incident involving a worker poisoned by the inhalation of nitrogen gas in a confined space, that incident did not involve TCE or maintenance of the holding tank at issue in this case.
Rather, the lethal agent in question in this case had been handled by employees in the past in its liquid form. Plaintiff contends that there is some evidence that workers exposed to the pit area where the holding tank is located had also been exposed to TCE. However, there is no evidence that an employee was assigned to work in a confined space with exposure to TCE. Czerwonka, the first employee who experienced adverse contact with the TCE fumes in the holding tank, testified in his deposition that (1) the fumes were not "that strong" and (2) he did not alert anyone about the potency of the fumes or the effect of the fumes on him until several minutes had elapsed after he had gotten out of the tank and Palazzola had entered it.
At best, this evidence supports a conclusion that it was foreseeable that working in the holding tank might be dangerous to the defendant's employees. As stated by our Supreme Court, mere negligence in failing "to act to protect a person who might foreseeably be injured from an appreciable risk of harm" does not satisfy the intentional tort exception of the act. Travis, supra at 178-179. Significantly, this case bears none of the characteristics of egregious employer conduct found in cases relied upon by the plaintiff in which this Court held there were disputed facts regarding whether the employer's conduct fell within the intentional tort exception.
See, e.g., Adams v Shepherd Products, US, Inc, 187 Mich. App. 695; 468 N.W.2d 332 (1991). In Adams, the employer removed the blade guard on a circular saw, taped the on/off switch to the "on" position, and failed to warn employees of these modifications even though employees were required to reach into the area of the unprotected blade that they could not see. Id. at 697-698; contrast Oaks v Twin City Foods, Inc, 198 Mich. App. 296, 298; 497 N.W.2d 196 (1993) (questioning Adams).
Rather, the facts in this case are more akin to Glockzin v Nortek, Inc, 815 F. Supp. 1050 (WD Mich, 1992), which the Travis lead opinion cited with approval. See Travis, supra at 176. Glockzin involved the electrocution of an employee by a machine that only had caused prior minor shocks. Glockzin, supra at 1053. Similarly, in this case, there were no comparable prior incidents with the holding tank in question. Accordingly, this case does not involve "a continuously operative dangerous condition" that the employer knows will cause an injury "yet refrains from informing the employee about . . . so that he is unable to take steps to keep from being injured. . . . " Travis, supra at 178.
V. CONCLUSION
In summary, the evidence indicates that after the unanticipated discovery of sludge in the holding tank, Kucmienski, Palazzola's coemployee, instigated a project to clean the sludge, and assigned Czerwonka and Palazzola to this task. As soon as Kucmienski learned that Czerwonka was suffering ill effects from TCE-vapor exposure, he attempted to get Palazzola out of the tank, even risking injury to himself in an attempt to save Palazzola. After both men became disabled by the fumes, rescue efforts were immediately commenced by other coemployees and emergency personnel. From these facts, we conclude that this tragedy was not the result of actions falling within the intentional tort exception as construed in Travis. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court properly found that plaintiff failed to create a genuine issue of material fact concerning defendant's intent under the intentional tort exception and is bound, therefore, by the exclusive remedy provision of the act.
Affirmed. Defendant, being the prevailing party, may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219.