Opinion
No. 34230.
November 21, 1957.
EVIDENCE — WEIGHT AND SUFFICIENCY — INFERENCES FROM EVIDENCE. An inference is a conclusion drawn by reason from premises established by proof.
SAME. Inferences from the evidence are permissible but not mandatory unless a certain inference must, as a matter of law, be drawn from a certain fact or facts, in which event it ceases to be a jury question.
TRIAL — QUESTIONS OF LAW OR FACT — INFERENCES FROM EVIDENCE. In a negligence action, it was not error to refuse the defendant's requested instruction which told the jury that if it was unable to determine from the evidence and the reasonable inferences therefrom whose negligence, if any, was the proximate cause of the action, then its verdict must be for the defendant; since such an instruction assumes that the jury will draw certain inferences, and the court cannot make such an assumption unless they follow as a matter of law from the established facts.
SAME — INSTRUCTIONS — EVIDENCE. In such an action, the jury was properly instructed that it was to determine from the evidence whose negligence, if any, was the proximate cause of the accident; since it is evidence which the jury weighs, and the word evidence includes all the means by which any alleged matter of fact is established or disproved.
See 20 Am. Jur. 165.
Appeal from a judgment of the superior court for Spokane county, No. 143572, Greenough, J., entered November 23, 1956, upon the verdict of a jury rendered in favor of the defendant, in an action for personal injuries. Affirmed.
Caruso Spinelli and Cashatt Williams, for appellant.
Paine, Lowe, Coffin Herman, for respondent.
QUAERE: In an action by a passenger against a carrier, does the omission of the bracketed words in the following instruction make it erroneous?
". . . if you are unable to determine from the evidence in the case [and the reasonable inferences therefrom] whose negligence, if any, was the proximate cause of the accident, then your verdict must be for the defendant."
ANSWER: No. [1] REASONS: Inferences are conclusions drawn from the "evidence in the case," or, as stated in Bouvier's Law Dictionary (Rawle's Third Revision, 1914) 1562, an inference is "A conclusion drawn by reason from premises established by proof."
[2] Inferences from the evidence are permissible, but not mandatory, unless a certain inference must, as a matter of law, be drawn from a certain fact or facts, in which event it ceases to be a jury question. See Shafer v. National Life Accident Ins. Co. (1950), 88 Ohio App. 295, 98 N.E.2d 319.
We frequently discuss the reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the allegations of a complaint in determining whether it states a cause of action ( McHenry v. Short (1947), 29 Wn.2d 263, 267, 186 P.2d 900), or the reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the evidence in determining whether there is evidence to support a verdict by a jury, or a finding of fact essential to a judgment. Peterson v. Betts (1946), 24 Wn.2d 376, 378, 165 P.2d 95.
[3] It does not follow, however, when a case is submitted to a jury that a party is entitled to such an instruction as that quoted in the Quaere, supra. Such an instruction assumes that the jury will draw certain inferences; however, we cannot make such an assumption, though those inferences be reasonable ones, unless they follow, as a matter of law, from the established facts.
[4] The jury was properly instructed that it was to determine from the evidence whose negligence, if any, was the proximate cause of the accident. It is evidence that the jury weighs, and
"The word evidence, in legal acceptation, includes all the means by which any alleged matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted to investigation, is established or disproved." Bouvier's Law Dictionary (Rawle's Third Revision 1914) 1091.
For an instruction similar to that given by the trial court in this case, see Child v. Hill (1930), 155 Wn. 133, 135, 283 P. 1076.
DISPOSITION OF THE CASE: The instruction complained of not being erroneous, the judgment is affirmed.
MALLERY, WEAVER, and OTT, JJ., concur.
FINLEY, J., concurs in the result.