Opinion
CASE NO. 4:20-cv-02249 YGR
04-01-2021
PACIFIC RECOVERY SOLUTIONS, ET AL., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED BEHAVIORAL HEALTH, ET AL., Defendants.
ORDER GRANTING MOTIONS TO DISMISS
Re: Dkt. Nos. 85, 86
Plaintiffs bring this putative class action against defendants United Behavioral Health ("United") and MultiPlan, Inc. ("MultiPlan") for claims arising out of United's alleged failure to reimburse plaintiffs at "a percentage" of the Usual, Customary, and Reasonable Rates ("UCR") for Intensive Outpatient Program ("IOP") services, which plaintiffs provided to patients with health insurance policies administered by United. The Court dismissed two prior iterations of the complaint, with leave to amend. Plaintiffs filed a Second Amended Complaint ("SAC"), in which they assert, on their own behalf and on behalf of a proposed class of similarly-situated out-of-network IOP providers, multiple claims under California law that arise out of defendants' alleged under-reimbursement of claims for IOP services.
Plaintiffs are Pacific Recovery Solutions d/b/a Westwind Recovery, Miriam Hamideh PhD Clinical Psychologist Inc. d/b/a PCI Westlake Centers, Bridging the Gaps, Inc., and Summit Estate Recovery Center, Inc.
Now pending are United's and MultiPlan's motions to dismiss all claims in the SAC with prejudice under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) on the grounds that: (1) plaintiffs' state-law claims are preempted by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"); and (2) even if such claims are not preempted by ERISA, the claims are inadequately pleaded.
Having carefully considered the pleadings and the parties' briefs, and for the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS the motions to dismiss WITH PREJUDICE with respect to plaintiffs' state-law claims.
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 78(b) and Civil Local Rule 7-1(b), the Court finds this motion appropriate for decision without oral argument. Accordingly, the Court VACATES the hearing set for April 6, 2021.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Initial Complaint
In the first iteration of the complaint, plaintiffs alleged as follows. Plaintiffs are out-of-network healthcare providers who provided IOP services to patients who had health insurance policies that United administered and that are "health care benefit programs" covered by ERISA. Compl. ¶¶ 2, 348-59, Docket No. 1. Before providing treatment to these patients, "each of the Plaintiffs confirmed with United that the patients had active coverage and benefits for out of network IOP treatment services" through verification-of-benefits ("VOB") calls, during which United "represented" that it would pay the patients' claims for such services at a percentage of the UCR. Id. ¶¶ 3, 17, 188, 195, 202, 209. Due to the communications in question, plaintiffs and United "understood" UCR to be "consistent with United's published definition of UCR rates" on its website describing out-of-network plan benefits. Id. ¶ 324; id. ¶ 17 n.6 (alleging that United published a definition of UCR on its webpage describing out-of-network plan benefits). Plaintiffs provided IOP services to the patients in reliance of United's representations. Id. ¶¶ 3, 17, 188, 195, 202, 209.
United's representations that it would pay a percentage of the UCR were false, because "United did not pay UCR amounts for any of the patient claims at issue in this litigation." Id. ¶ 13. Instead, United engaged defendant Viant, a third-party "repricer," to "negotiate" reimbursements with plaintiffs "at well below the UCR rate." Id. ¶¶ 13, 33. During its negotiations with plaintiffs, Viant represented that it had authority to negotiate with providers on the patients' behalf and that "the rate it offers is based on the UCR for the provider's geographic location." Id. ¶¶ 34, 48, 52. Viant's negotiations with plaintiffs resulted in offers to reimburse them for IOP services at an amount below the UCR, and United paid the patients' claims at the "reduced Viant amount." Id. ¶¶ 13-14. Neither United nor Viant disclosed to plaintiffs the methodology they used for calculating the reimbursement rates for IOP services. Id. ¶ 54. United "unjustly retained" the difference between the amounts it "should have paid" to plaintiffs for the IOP services at issue and the amount that United actually did pay based on Viant's negotiated reimbursements. Id. ¶ 15.
Plaintiffs asserted the following claims against each defendant on their own behalf and on behalf of a proposed class of similarly-situated out-of-network IOP providers in the United States: (1) a claim for violations of the Unfair Competition Law ("UCL"), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200, et seq.; (2) intentional misrepresentation and fraudulent inducement; (3) negligent misrepresentation; (4) civil conspiracy; (5) breach of oral or implied contract; (6) promissory estoppel; (7) a claim under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO"), 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c); and (8) a claim under Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1.
On August 25, 2020, the Court granted defendants' motions to dismiss all claims in the initial complaint, and it did so with leave to amend. Docket No. 61.
B. First Amended Complaint
The First Amended Complaint ("FAC") differed from the initial complaint in the following ways: (1) plaintiffs deleted most of the allegations that the Court relied upon in its order dismissing the initial complaint; (2) plaintiffs added new allegations, as discussed in more detail below; (3) plaintiffs substituted MultiPlan for Viant as a defendant; (4) plaintiffs added a claim for conspiracy in violation of RICO, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d); and (5) plaintiffs deleted their request for injunctive relief under the Sherman Act.
In the FAC, plaintiffs continued to aver that United represented during VOB calls that it would pay for IOP services at a percentage of the UCR. See, e.g., FAC ¶¶ 269, 276, 292. Plaintiffs, however, modified their allegations with respect to the process that United allegedly used to reprice the claims for IOP services at issue. In the initial complaint, plaintiffs alleged that United had engaged Viant to "negotiate" reimbursements with plaintiffs; that Viant's negotiations with plaintiffs resulted in offers to reimburse them for IOP services at an amount below the UCR; and that United paid the patients' claims for IOP services at the "reduced Viant amount." See Compl. ¶¶ 13-14. In FAC, by contrast, plaintiffs alleged that United entered into a contract with MultiPlan, Viant's parent company, to use a database that allowed defendants to generate "fraudulent UCR rates" for IOP services, which they used to under-reimburse for the cost of the IOP services at issue. FAC ¶¶ 121, 13-62. Plaintiffs deleted all allegations as to Viant's alleged negotiations with plaintiffs from the FAC.
On December 18, 2020, the Court granted defendants' motions to dismiss all claims in the FAC. Docket No. 83. Specifically, the Court (1) dismissed with prejudice plaintiffs' Sherman Act claim for lack of antitrust standing; (2) dismissed with prejudice plaintiffs' RICO claims for lack of RICO standing; (3) dismissed with prejudice plaintiffs' state-law claims to the extent that they arise out of the alleged under-reimbursement of claims for IOP services that are covered by plans governed by ERISA; and (4) dismissed with leave to amend plaintiffs' state-law claims to the extent that they arise out of the alleged under-reimbursement of claims for IOP services that are covered by plans that are not governed by ERISA. Id.
C. Second Amended Complaint
The SAC differs from the FAC in the following ways: (1) plaintiffs deleted their claims under the Sherman Act and RICO, such that the only claims that remain are those arising out of state law; (2) plaintiffs deleted their allegations regarding specific claims for IOP services that defendants allegedly under-reimbursed; and (3) plaintiffs added conclusory allegations that the plans that cover the IOP claims at issue are plans that are not governed by ERISA.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter that, when accepted as true, states a claim that is plausible on its face. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. While this standard is not a probability requirement, "[w]here a complaint pleads facts that are merely consistent with a defendant's liability, it stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief." Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In determining whether a plaintiff has met this plausibility standard, the Court must "accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe the pleadings in the light most favorable" to the plaintiff. Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005). "[A] court may not look beyond the complaint to a plaintiff's moving papers, such as a memorandum in opposition to a defendant's motion to dismiss." Schneider v. California Dep't of Corr., 151 F.3d 1194, 1197 n.1 (9th Cir. 1998). A court should grant leave to amend unless "the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts." Cook, Perkiss & Liehe, Inc. v. N. Cal. Collection Serv. Inc., 911 F.2d 242, 247 (9th Cir. 1990).
III. DISCUSSION
As noted, plaintiffs assert the following state-law claims against defendants in the SAC: (1) violation of the UCL, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200, et seq.; (2) intentional misrepresentation and fraudulent inducement; (3) negligent misrepresentation; (4) civil conspiracy; (5) breach of oral or implied contract; and (6) promissory estoppel. All of these claims are predicated on the theory that United represented to plaintiffs during VOB calls that it would pay for IOP services at a percentage of the UCR pursuant to the terms of the patients' healthcare plans.
Defendants move to dismiss all of these claims on the grounds that (1) the claims are preempted by ERISA; and (2) even if the claims are not preempted by ERISA, they are inadequately pleaded.
ERISA Section 514(a) expressly preempts "any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any employee benefit plan[.]" 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a). "While this section suggests that the phrase 'relate to' should be read broadly, the Supreme Court has recently admonished that the term is to be read practically, with an eye toward the action's actual relationship to the subject plan." Providence Health Plan v. McDowell, 385 F.3d 1168, 1172 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing New York State Conference of Blue Cross & Blue Shield Plans v. Travelers Ins. Co., 514 U.S. 645, 655-56 (1995)). "Generally speaking, a common law claim 'relates to' an employee benefit plan governed by ERISA 'if it has a connection with or reference to such a plan.'" Id. (citation omitted). "In evaluating whether a common law claim has 'reference to' a plan governed by ERISA, the focus is whether the claim is premised on the existence of an ERISA plan, and whether the existence of the plan is essential to the claim's survival. If so, a sufficient 'reference' exists to support preemption." Id. (citations omitted). "In determining whether a claim has a 'connection with' an employee benefit plan, courts in this circuit use a relationship test. Specifically, the emphasis is on the genuine impact that the action has on a relationship governed by ERISA, such as the relationship between the plan and a participant." Id. (citations omitted).
In its order of December 18, 2020, the Court dismissed plaintiffs' state-law claims with prejudice on the ground that they are preempted by ERISA Section 514(a) to the extent that they depend on the existence and terms of a plan that is governed by ERISA. See Docket No. 83 at 14-18; see also Wise v. Verizon Commc'ns, Inc., 600 F.3d 1180, 1191 (9th Cir. 2010) (holding that state-law claims predicated on "theories of fraud, misrepresentation, and negligence" are preempted under Section 514(a) because they "depend on the existence of an ERISA-covered plan to demonstrate that [the plaintiff] suffered damages"); Johnson v. Dist. 2 Marine Engineers Beneficial Ass'n-Associated Mar. Officers, Med. Plan, 857 F.2d 514, 517 (9th Cir. 1988) (affirming dismissal with prejudice of state-law claims that are "preempted by ERISA" Section 514(a)).
In the same order, the Court recognized that plaintiffs had alleged in the FAC that some of the plans that cover the claims for IOP services at issue are not governed by ERISA, but it concluded that the FAC lacked factual matter to raise the reasonable inference that the plans in question fall outside of the scope of ERISA. See Docket No. 83 at 17-18 (noting that, although certain types of employer-sponsored healthcare plans are exempted from ERISA, such as governmental and church plans, the FAC was "devoid of allegations showing that any of the plans at issue falls within any of the exceptions to ERISA coverage") (citing 29 U.S.C. § 1003(b)). Accordingly, the Court granted plaintiffs leave to amend the complaint to allege, in relevant part, "facts identifying which of the allegedly under-reimbursed claims for IOP services in the FAC were covered by a plan that falls outside of the scope of ERISA and showing why[.]" Id. at 18.
The SAC fails to satisfy these requirements. Rather than adding detail to their allegations as the Court required, plaintiffs removed material averments from the complaint. Specifically, plaintiffs removed from the SAC the detailed factual matter they had alleged in the FAC with respect to the number of IOP claims at issue, the amounts that defendants allegedly under-reimbursed, and the misrepresentations that United allegedly made during VOB calls, presumably because all of those facts pertained to claims for IOP services that are covered by plans that are governed by ERISA. In place of the detailed allegations they removed, plaintiffs left conclusory allegations. Their state-law claims are now supported only by bare averments that the claims for IOP services at issue are covered by plans that are "not governed by ERISA." See, e.g., SAC ¶¶ 384, 5. Plaintiffs do not identify any non-ERISA claims, plans, or members; nor do they aver any nonconclusory factual matter that would allow the Court to reasonably infer that any of the claims for IOP services at issue are covered by a plan that is not subject to ERISA.
Where, as here, plaintiffs assert state-law claims that depend on the terms of certain healthcare plans, but plaintiffs do not allege any factual matter giving rise to the inference that such healthcare plans are not governed by ERISA, the state-law claims are subject to dismissal on the ground that they are preempted by ERISA. See, e.g., Omega Hospital, LLC v. United Healthcare Services, Inc., No. 16-00560-JJB-EWD, 2017 WL 4228756, at *4 (M.D. La. Sept. 22, 2017) (dismissing state-law claims of "non-ERISA plan participants" as preempted by ERISA on the ground that "the Court is not satisfied with general statements referring to non-ERISA plans without specific allegations identifying a particular non-ERISA plan at issue in this case"); Biohealth Med. Lab'y, Inc. v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co., No. 1:15-CV-23075-KMM, 2016 WL 375012, at *5 (S.D. Fla. Feb. 1, 2016), aff'd in part, vacated in part on other grounds sub nom. BioHealth Med. Lab'y, Inc. v. Cigna Health & Life Ins. Co., 706 F. App'x 521 (11th Cir. 2017) (dismissing state-law claims as preempted by ERISA on the grounds that "the Complaint on its face does not identify any plan(s)" that are "non-ERISA plans" and that "merely claiming that some of the member claims arise under non-ERISA plans is insufficient to provide fair notice to [defendant]").
In their opposition to the present motions, plaintiffs attempt to distinguish these authorities on grounds that are immaterial, such as the fact that the state-law claims at issue in Omega and Biohealth do not arise out of similar facts or the same legal theories as the state-law claims at issue here. See Docket No. 87 at 6. Plaintiffs' attempt to distinguish these authorities is ineffective. As in Omega and Biohealth, the ERISA preemption analysis here turns on whether the healthcare plans upon which the claims for benefits depend are governed by ERISA. As the plaintiffs in Omega and Biohealth, plaintiffs here have failed to aver any factual matter that would permit the Court to infer that the plans at issue are not governed by ERISA. Plaintiffs' state-law claims, therefore, are subject to dismissal on the basis that they are preempted by ERISA Section 514(a). See Johnson, 857 F.2d at 517.
Because the Court previously provided plaintiffs with an opportunity to amend the complaint to add factual matter to make plausible their allegations that the plans in question are not governed by ERISA, and plaintiffs failed to do so, the Court finds that providing plaintiffs with a further opportunity to amend the complaint would be futile.
Accordingly, the Court GRANTS defendants' motions to dismiss plaintiffs' state-law claims WITH PREJUDICE.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS defendants' motions to dismiss plaintiffs' state-law claims WITH PREJUDICE.
This order terminates Docket Numbers 85 and 86.
The Clerk shall terminate this action and enter judgment.
IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: April 1, 2021
/s/ _________
YVONNE GONZALEZ ROGERS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT JUDGE