Opinion
No. 104819/2010.
2012-02-21
Georgia OTERO and Jorge Otero, Plaintiffs, v. HOUSTON STREET OWNERS CORP., Chaim Babad, Babad Management Co., and Houston Street Management Co., Defendants.
Leonard Flamm Esq., New York, for Plaintiffs. Jordan Sklar Esq., Babchik & Young, LLP, White Plains, for Defendants.
Leonard Flamm Esq., New York, for Plaintiffs. Jordan Sklar Esq., Babchik & Young, LLP, White Plains, for Defendants.
LUCY BILLINGS, J.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs sue to recover damages for invasion of privacy from defendants' installation of cameras on premises where plaintiffs were tenants. Defendants Chaim Babad and Houston Street Owners Corp. owned and defendants Babad Management Co. and Houston Street Management Co. managed the premises. Defendants move to dismiss the complaint on the grounds of a documentary defense and failure to state a claim. C.P.L.R. § 3211(a)(1) and (7). The court grants defendants' motion to the extent set forth and for the reasons explained below.
II. PLAINTIFFS' CLAIMS
Plaintiffs allege that defendants' installation of a camera near plaintiffs' apartment entrance invaded their privacy and caused damages based on several theories. Defendants claim that plaintiffs lacked a reasonable expectation of privacy in the hallway accessible to the public and that the camera recorded only the hallway outside the apartment, as a device to determine who in fact resided in the apartment. A. Applicable Standards
The court may dismiss a complaint where documentary evidence utterly refutes plaintiffs' allegations and conclusively establishes a defense as a matter of law. Goldman v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 5 N.Y.3d 561, 571, 807 N.Y.S.2d 583, 841 N.E.2d 742 (2005); Goshen v. Mutual Life Ins. Co. of NY, 98 N.Y.2d 314, 326, 746 N.Y.S.2d 858, 774 N.E.2d 1190 (2002); 511 West 232nd Owners Corp. v. Jennifer Realty Co., 98 N.Y.2d 144, 152, 746 N.Y.S.2d 131, 773 N.E.2d 496 (2002); McCully v. Jersey Partners, Inc., 60 A.D.3d 562, 876 N.Y.S.2d 27 (1st Dep't 2009). Upon defendants' motion to dismiss claims pursuant to C.P.L.R. § 3211(a)(1) or (7), the court may not rely on facts alleged by defendant to defeat the claims unless the evidence demonstrates the absence of any significant dispute regarding those facts and completely negates the allegations against defendants. Lawrence v. Graubard Miller, 11 N.Y.3d 588, 595, 873 N.Y.S.2d 517, 901 N.E.2d 1268 (2008); Goshen v. Mutual Life Ins. Co. of NY, 98 N.Y.2d at 326, 746 N.Y.S.2d 858, 774 N.E.2d 1190;Leon v. Martinez, 84 N.Y.2d 83, 87–88, 614 N.Y.S.2d 972, 638 N.E.2d 511 (1994); Yoshiharu Igarashi v. Shohaku Higashi, 289 A.D.2d 128, 735 N.Y.S.2d 33 (1st Dep't 2001). The court must accept the complaint's allegations as true, liberally construe them, and draw all reasonable inferences in plaintiffs' favor. Nonnon v. City of New York, 9 N.Y.3d 825, 827, 842 N.Y.S.2d 756, 874 N.E.2d 720 (2007); Goshen v. Mutual Life Ins. Co. of NY, 98 N.Y.2d at 326, 746 N.Y.S.2d 858, 774 N.E.2d 1190;Harris v. IG Greenpoint Corp., 72 A.D.3d 608, 609, 900 N.Y.S.2d 44 (1st Dep't 2010); Vig v. New York Hairspray Co., L.P., 67 A.D.3d 140, 144–45, 885 N.Y.S.2d 74 (1st Dep't 2009). In short, the court may dismiss a claim based on C .P.L.R. § 3211(a)(7) only if the allegations completely fail to state a claim. Leon v. Martinez, 84 N.Y.2d at 88, 614 N.Y.S.2d 972, 638 N.E.2d 511;Harris v. IG Greenpoint Corp., 72 A.D.3d at 609, 900 N.Y.S.2d 44;Frank v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 292 A.D.2d 118, 121, 741 N.Y.S.2d 9 (1st Dep't 2002); Scott v. Bell Atl. Corp., 282 A.D.2d 180, 183, 726 N.Y.S.2d 60 (1st Dep't 2001). B. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
To establish plaintiffs' claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, plaintiffs must show (1) defendants engaged in extreme and outrageous conduct, (2) with intent to cause or in disregard of a substantial probability that the conduct would cause severe emotional distress, (3) a causal connection between defendants' acts and plaintiffs' injury, and (4) severe emotional distress. Howell v. New York Post Co., 81 N.Y.2d 115, 121, 596 N.Y.S.2d 350, 612 N.E.2d 699 (1993); Suarez v. Bakalchuk, 66 A.D.3d 419, 887 N.Y.S.2d 6 (1st Dep't 2009). To support the first element alone, plaintiffs must show that defendants' conduct was “beyond all possible bounds of decency” and “utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Marmelstein v. Kehillat New Hempstead: The Rav Aron Jofen Community Synagogue, 11 N.Y.3d 15, 22–23, 862 N.Y.S.2d 311, 892 N.E.2d 375 (2008); Howell v. New York Post Co., 81 N.Y.2d at 122, 596 N.Y.S.2d 350, 612 N.E.2d 699;Murphy v. American Home Prods. Corp., 58 N.Y.2d 293, 303, 461 N.Y.S.2d 232, 448 N.E.2d 86 (1983); Suarez v. Bakalchuk, 66 A.D.3d 419, 887 N.Y.S.2d 6.
Defendants' commission of a criminal offense may support a finding of outrageous conduct. See Roe v. Barad, 230 A.D.2d 839, 840, 647 N.Y.S.2d 14 (2d Dep't 1996); Laurie Marie M. v. Jeffrey T.M., 159 A.D.2d 52, 55, 559 N.Y.S.2d 336 (2d Dep't 1990). The New York Penal Law violation plaintiffs rely on, however, proscribes surveillance only of a “person at a place and time when such person has a reasonable expectation of privacy, without such person's knowledge or consent.” N.Y Penal Law § 250.45(1) and (2). A legitimate expectation of privacy is a demonstrated “expectation of privacy that society recognizes as reasonable.” People v. Ramirez–Portoreal, 88 N.Y.2d 99, 108, 643 N.Y.S.2d 502, 666 N.E.2d 207 (1996). The validity of an expectation of privacy depends on the circumstances. Id. at 109, 643 N.Y.S.2d 502, 666 N.E.2d 207.
While plaintiffs' expectation of privacy in their apartment behind the closed door is reasonable, see People v. Mercado, 68 N.Y.2d 874, 876, 508 N.Y.S.2d 419, 501 N.E.2d 27 (1986), an expectation of privacy in the hallway is not reasonable because it is accessible to other persons. People v. Funches, 89 N.Y.2d 1005, 1007, 657 N.Y.S.2d 396, 679 N.E.2d 635 (1997); People v. Fabelo, 277 A.D.2d 130, 130–31, 717 N.Y.S.2d 98 (1st Dep't 2000). Plaintiffs admit that the camera recorded what occurred inside their apartment only when its entrance door was open, yet contend that the camera somehow intruded on their intimate activities. Plaintiffs do not deny that it would have done so only when their entrance door was open.
Plaintiffs further claim that defendants installed the camera to humiliate them to the point of vacating their rent stabilized apartment. Penal Law § 250.45(3) also prohibits surveillance without consent in specified rooms for no legitimate purpose. People v. Evans, 27 A.D.3d 905, 906, 810 N.Y.S.2d 590 (3d Dep't 2006). Plaintiffs fail to allege, however, that the camera recorded any room to which the statutory prohibition applies. Therefore plaintiffs fail to show that defendants violated any of Penal Law § 250.45's provisions.
Plaintiffs' allegations that defendants' camera allowed views into their apartment falls short of extreme and outrageous behavior. Even if the camera's location were considered a trespass into plaintiffs' apartment, it would not constitute atrocious, indecent, or utterly despicable conduct meeting the requirements for an intentional emotional distress claim. Howell v. New York Post Co., 81 N.Y.2d at 126, 596 N.Y.S.2d 350, 612 N.E.2d 699. While installation of a camera to view plaintiffs surreptitiously where they legitimately expected privacy may constitute extreme and outrageous conduct, Sawicka v. Catena, 79 A.D.3d 848, 849–50, 912 N.Y.S.2d 666 (2d Dep't 2010), plaintiffs maintain no reasonable expectation of privacy in the hallway where defendants installed the camera, nor where it viewed into plaintiffs' apartment only when plaintiffs themselves opened the door. See Howell v. New York Post Co., 81 N.Y.2d at 126, 596 N.Y.S.2d 350, 612 N.E.2d 699. Insofar as defendants' installation may be considered harassment under the New York Rent Stabilization Code, 9 N.Y.C.R.R. § 2525.5, the determination of whether defendants committed harassment is for the New York State Division of Housing and Community Renewal. 9 N.Y.C.R.R. § 2526.2(c)(2); Sohn v. Calderon, 78 N.Y.2d 755, 765, 579 N.Y.S.2d 940, 587 N.E.2d 807 (1991); Edelstein v. Farber, 27 A.D.3d 202, 811 N.Y.S.2d 358 (1st Dep't 2006); Mago, LLC v. Singh, 47 A.D.3d 772, 773, 851 N.Y.S.2d 593 (2d Dep't 2008). Therefore, regardless of the outcome of a hearing on service, the court grants defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiffs' claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress. C.P.L.R. § 3211(a)(7). C. Prima Facie Tort
The elements of a prima facie tort are: (1) intentional infliction of harm, (2) causing special damages, (3) without justification or excuse, (4) by otherwise lawful acts. Freihofer v. Hearst Corp., 65 N.Y.2d 135, 142–43, 490 N.Y.S.2d 735, 480 N.E.2d 349 (1985); Curiano v. Suozzi, 63 N.Y.2d 113, 117, 480 N.Y.S.2d 466, 469 N.E.2d 1324 (1984); Burns Jackson Miller Summit & Spitzer v. Lindner, 59 N.Y.2d 314, 332, 464 N.Y.S.2d 712, 451 N.E.2d 459 (1983); Posner v. Lewis, 80 A.D.3d 308, 312, 912 N.Y.S.2d 53 (1st Dep't 2010). Plaintiffs must plead a “specific and measurable loss” from the tortious conduct to establish special damages. Freihofer v. Hearst Corp., 65 N.Y.2d at 143, 490 N.Y.S.2d 735, 480 N.E.2d 349.See Curiano v. Suozzi, 63 N.Y.2d at 117, 480 N.Y.S.2d 466, 469 N.E.2d 1324;DeMicco Bros., Inc. v. Consolidated Edison Co. of NY, Inc., 8 A.D.3d 99, 100, 779 N.Y.S.2d 10 (1st Dep't 2004); Vigoda v. DCA Prods. Plus, 293 A.D.2d 265, 266, 741 N.Y.S.2d 20 (1st Dep't 2002); Havell v. Islam, 292 A.D.2d 210, 739 N.Y.S.2d 371 (1st Dep't 2002). Malevolence must be the sole motivation for defendants' injurious actions. Curiano v. Suozzi, 63 N.Y.2d at 117, 480 N.Y.S.2d 466, 469 N.E.2d 1324;Burns Jackson Miller & Spitzer v. Lindner, 59 N.Y.2d at 333, 464 N.Y.S.2d 712, 451 N.E.2d 459;Posner v. Lewis, 80 A.D.3d at 312, 912 N.Y.S.2d 53.
Plaintiffs' allegation in their complaint that defendants placed the camera to force plaintiffs and the other rent regulated tenants to leave in itself demonstrates a purpose beyond the disinterested malevolence required to sustain plaintiffs' prima facie tort claim. Havell v. Islam, 292 A.D.2d 210, 739 N.Y.S.2d 371;Smukler v. 12 Lofts Realty, 156 A.D.2d 161, 163, 548 N.Y.S.2d 437 (1st Dep't 1989); Rad Adv. v. United Footwear Org., 154 A.D.2d 309, 310, 546 N.Y.S.2d 597 (1st Dep't 1989). Plaintiffs' affidavit opposing defendants' motion nevertheless clarifies that defendants initially installed a camera motivated by an interest in driving out tenants through surveillance of their infrequent residence, but, when the camera failed to accomplish that purpose, defendants intended their continued use solely to injure plaintiffs.
Plaintiffs' affidavit alleges the requisite harm and damages in that the surveillance eventually forced them to leave the apartment and caused them marital difficulties and expenses for mental health services. The camera also compelled Jorge Otero to disclose to his wife Georgia Otero that when she was not in the apartment another woman visited, causing additional expenses for counseling and medication, and compelling Georgia Otero to resign from her job and hire an employee to replace her so she could remain at home. Plaintiffs claim $2,500.00 per month for an alternative residence, $10,000.00 per year in psychiatric expenses, and $42,000.00 per year for the employee. Thus, even though the complaint failed to plead disinterested malevolence or special damages, plaintiffs' affidavit supplements their complaint and cures those deficiencies. Sargiss v. Magarelli, 12 N.Y.3d 527, 531, 881 N.Y.S.2d 651, 909 N.E.2d 573 (2009); Nonnon v. City of New York, 9 N.Y.3d at 827, 842 N.Y.S.2d 756, 874 N.E.2d 720;Amaro v. Gani Realty Corp., 60 A.D.3d 491, 492, 876 N.Y.S.2d 1 (1st Dep't 2009). D. Civil Rights Law §§ 50 and 51
Under New York law, any right to privacy derives only from New York Civil Rights Law §§ 50 and 51. Messenger v. Gruner + Jahr Print. & Publ., 94 N.Y.2d 436, 441, 706 N.Y.S.2d 52, 727 N.E.2d 549 (2000); Howell v. New York Post Co., 81 N.Y.2d at 123, 596 N.Y.S.2d 350, 612 N.E.2d 699;Freihofer v. Hearst Corp., 65 N.Y.2d at 140, 490 N.Y.S.2d 735, 480 N.E.2d 349. Use of a person's name, portrait, or other picture in advertising or a trade without prior written consent is a misdemeanor. NY Civ. Rights Law § 50; Messenger v. Gruner + Jahr Print. & Publ., 94 N.Y.2d at 441, 706 N.Y.S.2d 52, 727 N.E.2d 549;Stephano v. News Group Publs., 64 N.Y.2d 174, 182, 485 N.Y.S.2d 220, 474 N.E.2d 580 (1984). Persons whose name, portrait, or picture is knowingly used under circumstances that violate Civil Rights Law § 50 may recover damages for injuries sustained from that use. NY Civ. Rights Law § 51; Messenger v. Gruner + Jahr Print. & Publ., 94 N.Y.2d at 441, 706 N.Y.S.2d 52, 727 N.E.2d 549;Bement v. N.Y.P. Holdings, 307 A.D.2d 86, 89, 760 N.Y.S.2d 133 (1st Dep't 2003); Molina v. Phoenix Sound, 297 A.D.2d 595, 596, 747 N.Y.S.2d 227 (1st Dep't 2002); Hernandez v. Wyeth–Ayerst Labs., 291 A.D.2d 66, 69, 738 N.Y.S.2d 336 (1st Dep't 2002). The statutes must be construed narrowly, however, limiting them to non-consensual commercial appropriations of a living person's name, portrait, or picture. Messenger v. Gruner + Jahr Print. & Publ., 94 N.Y.2d at 441, 706 N.Y.S.2d 52, 727 N.E.2d 549;Finger v. Omni Publs. Intl., 77 N.Y.2d 138, 141, 564 N.Y.S.2d 1014, 566 N.E.2d 141 (1990); Stephano v. News Group Publs., 64 N.Y.2d at 183, 485 N.Y.S.2d 220, 474 N.E.2d 580;Guerrero v. Carva, 10 A.D.3d at 105, 115–16, 779 N.Y.S.2d 12 (1st Dep't 2004).
To establish that defendants violated these statutes, plaintiffs thus must plead and prove defendants' (1) use of plaintiffs' picture (2) within the state of New York, (3) for purposes of advertising or trade, (4) without plaintiffs' written consent. Molina v. Phoenix Sound, 297 A.D.2d at 597, 747 N.Y.S.2d 227. Plaintiffs claim defendants' use of the images captured by the camera, either to determine who resided in their apartment or to force out rent regulated tenants, was a trade purpose.While pleading a trade purpose to support plaintiffs' Civil Rights Law claim is inconsistent with pleading disinterested malevolence to support their prima facie tort claim, plaintiffs may plead alternatively. C.P.L.R. § 3014; Finkelstein v. Warner Music Group Inc., 14 A.D.3d 415, 416, 787 N.Y.S.2d 867 (1st Dep't 2005). See Citi Mgt. Group, Ltd. v. Highbridge House Ogden, LLC, 45 A.D.3d 487, 847 N.Y.S.2d 33 (1st Dep't 2007).
Civil Rights Law §§ 50 and 51 do not define advertising or trade purposes, but advertising purposes include use of a name, portrait, or picture in a publication which, as a whole, is distributed to advertise or solicit use of a product or service. Beverley v. Choices Women's Med. Ctr., 78 N.Y.2d 745, 751, 579 N.Y.S.2d 637, 587 N.E.2d 275 (1991); Guerrero v. Carva, 10 A.D.3d at 116, 779 N.Y.S.2d 12;Morse v. Studin, 283 A.D.2d 622, 725 N.Y.S.2d 93 (2d Dep't 2001). A name, portrait, or picture is used for trade purposes if its use is to attract trade to a business entity. See Ippolito v. Lennon, 150 A.D.2d 300, 302–303, 542 N.Y.S.2d 3 (1st Dep't 1989). The content of any text associated with the name, portrait, or picture, rather than a motive for pecuniary gain, determines whether the use is for trade or for excluded newsworthy purposes. Stephano v. News Group Publs ., 64 N.Y.2d at 185, 485 N.Y.S.2d 220, 474 N.E.2d 580.See Finger v. Omni Publs. Intl., 77 N.Y.2d at 141–42, 564 N.Y.S.2d 1014, 566 N.E.2d 141;Bement v. N.Y.P. Holdings, 307 A.D.2d at 90, 760 N.Y.S.2d 133. Whether defendants actually attracted customers or profited through the publication, however, are factors showing advertising or trade purposes. Rall v. Hellman, 284 A.D.2d 113, 114, 726 N.Y.S.2d 629 (1st Dep't 2001).
In any event, plaintiffs allege nothing that would support an advertising or a trade purpose. Without this essential element, they fail to sustain a claim under the Civil Rights Law.
III. CONCLUSION
For the above reasons, the court grants defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiffs' claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress and for violation of New York Civil Rights Law §§ 50 and 51. C.P.L.R. § 3211(a)(7). The court denies defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiffs' remaining prima facie tort claim based on documentary evidence or a failure to state a claim for relief. C.P.L.R. § 3211(a)(1) and (7).