Opinion
Docket No. 92720.
Decided May 25, 1988. Leave to appeal denied, 431 Mich. 886.
Michael Odette, in propria persona.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, and Frank J. Pipp and Richard I. Rubin, Assistant Attorneys General, for defendant.
Defendant, Michigan Liquor Control Commission (MLCC), appeals as of right from the trial court's opinion and order of May 1, 1986, granting declaratory relief in favor of plaintiff. The opinion and order also permanently enjoined MLCC from denying or revoking a transfer to plaintiff's premises of the liquor license belonging to plaintiff's tenant, Sunshine Food Corporation. The sole issue concerns whether MLCC may lawfully condition a transfer to plaintiff's premises of Sunshine's liquor license upon plaintiff's resignation from employment at the Oakland County Sheriff's Department or upon the selling of his premises.
The material facts are not in dispute. In the latter part of 1984, plaintiff began construction of a building in Oakland County to be used as a commercial retail outlet. Plaintiff also entered into a ten-year lease agreement with Sunshine, under the terms of which Sunshine would have a right to conduct any lawful business on the premises. Sunshine, which was in the business of operating party stores, applied to MLCC for a transfer of its liquor license from its current store location to plaintiff's premises. MLCC's decision to condition its approval of the transfer request on plaintiff's resignation from his employment with the sheriff's department or the sale of his rental property was based on § 18 of the Michigan Liquor Control Act, MCL 436.18(1); MSA 18.989(1), which states:
A person who holds or whose spouse holds, either by appointment or election, a public office which involves the duty to enforce any of the penal laws of the United States, or the penal laws of this state, or a penal ordinance or resolution of any municipal subdivision of the state, except civil defense volunteer policemen, mayors or council members of cities, or village presidents, or mayors of home rule cities whose law enforcement authority under the city charter is restricted to emergency situations, shall not be issued a license, or have an interest, directly or indirectly, in a license. However, a nonprofit fraternal organization incorporated under the laws of this state, whose membership is not totally composed of law enforcement personnel or public officeholders charged with the duty of enforcing any penal laws or ordinances of a governmental body, may be issued a club liquor license if the organization is otherwise qualified.
Plaintiff responded to MLCC's decision by resigning from his position as a county deputy and by filing suit. Plaintiff regained employment, however, after the trial court entered a temporary restraining order preventing MLCC from interfering with Sunshine's liquor license or plaintiff. The subject matter of this appeal is plaintiff's motion for declaratory relief made in the lower court. The motion was decided based on the parties' briefs and oral arguments and the undisputed facts contained therein.
On appeal, our first concern is the appropriate standard of review. A declaratory judgment is a flexible remedy. It is available to a party when necessary to guide the party's future conduct in order to preserve his or her legal rights. Shavers v Attorney General, 402 Mich. 554, 588; 267 N.W.2d 72 (1978), cert den sub nom Allstate Ins Co v Kelley, 442 U.S. 934 (1979). Our review is de novo on the record. Smith v Lumbermen's Mutual Ins Co, 101 Mich. App. 78, 86; 300 N.W.2d 457 (1980), lv den 411 Mich. 873 (1981). Here, the focus of plaintiff's motion was whether a law enforcement officer who leases property to an owner of a liquor license, without more, violates § 18's mandate that law enforcement officers not have an interest — directly or indirectly — in such a license. Under a provision in this state's constitution, Const 1963, art 4, § 40, MLCC is vested with complete authority to regulate alcoholic beverage traffic subject only to limitations imposed by the Legislature. Bundo v Walled Lake, 395 Mich. 679, 699; 238 N.W.2d 154 (1976). For this reason and because the underlying facts were not disputed, we limit our review to determining whether MLCC's application to plaintiff of § 18 is authorized by law and supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence.
We note that the scope of review applied by this Court to MLCC's regulation of alcoholic beverage traffic under the Liquor Control Act has not been the same in all cases. See Kassab v Acho, 150 Mich. App. 104, 109; 388 N.W.2d 263 (1986), lv den 426 Mich. 862 (1986), discussing the scope of review followed when a license applicant contests MLCC's decision to deny the application. Given the legal issue and factual basis of this declaratory judgment action, we find that our limited scope of review adopted in this case is appropriate.
In applying § 18, we are guided by the following rules of statutory construction:
This Court's guiding principle of statutory interpretation is to determine and effectuate the intent of the Legislature. Charpentier v Canteen Corp, 105 Mich. App. 700, 704; 307 N.W.2d 704 (1981). To ascertain this intent, the Court must first review the specific language of the disputed provision, giving all terms their plain and ordinary meaning absent a contrary legislative intent. Lamphere Schools v Lamphere Federation of Teachers, 400 Mich. 104, 110; 252 N.W.2d 818 (1977). When an ambiguity is found, resulting in alternative interpretations being possible, this Court may refer to any factors which may advance the most probable and reasonable legislative intention. Charpentier, supra, pp 704-705. [ Couture v General Motors Corp, 125 Mich. App. 174, 177-178; 335 N.W.2d 668 (1983), lv den 418 Mich. 884 (1983).]
We recognize that an act must be read in its entirety, with meaning being given to one section only after due consideration of other sections, so as to produce, if possible, a harmonious and consistent enactment as a whole. Stratton-Cheeseman Management Co v Dep't of Treasury, 159 Mich. App. 719, 724; 407 N.W.2d 398 (1987). We are also mindful that administrative interpretations of a statute by the agency responsible for that statute's administration are accorded deference by the courts and must be reviewed with respectful consideration. Berrien Co v Michigan, 136 Mich. App. 772, 782; 357 N.W.2d 764 (1984); Bd of Ed of Oakland Schools v Superintendent of Public Instruction, 401 Mich. 37, 41; 257 N.W.2d 73 (1977).
The controversy in this case involves whether plaintiff had an "indirect" interest in Sunshine's liquor license. The term "indirect" has been defined in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (1978), New College Edition, p 670, as follows:
1. Not taking a direct course; roundabout. 2. Not descending in a straight line of succession. Said of an inheritance or title. 3. a. Not straight to the point; circumlocutory. b. Evasive; devious. 4. Not directly planned for; secondary: indirect benefits. 5. Relating to or characteristic of indirect discourse. In this sense, also "oblique."
In Michigan case law, we find some guidance regarding the factors which should be considered in deciding whether a party has an interest in a liquor license. In reviewing whether a party has a property interest in a liquor license requiring rudimentary due process protections, this Court has looked to the nature of the transaction and the agreement involved. See Bunn v Liquor Control Comm, 125 Mich. App. 84, 90-91; 335 N.W.2d 913 (1983), lv den 418 Mich. 852 (1983). In reviewing whether a public official has a direct or indirect interest in a liquor license for purposes of § 18 of the Liquor Control Act, the Supreme Court has considered the financial benefits derived from, and the public official's participation in, the business owning the liquor license. See In re Lawrence, 417 Mich. 248, 258-259; 335 N.W.2d 456 (1983).
Under the facts in this case, we cannot conclude that MLCC's application of § 18 is not authorized by law or is not supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence. We reach this decision based on the deference courts acknowledge for interpretations of a statute by an agency charged with the statute's enforcement, Berrien Co, supra, the legislative intent undergirding § 18, and the meaning derived from a logical reading of the statute itself.
The legislative intent behind § 18 is, in part, to avoid a situation in which a law enforcement officer is faced with a conflict of interest such that he or she is called upon to enforce a provision of the Liquor Control Act at a licensed premises in which he or she possesses even an indirect interest. We do not believe that that intent would be furthered where, as in the instant case, a law enforcement officer, functioning as a landlord, derives financial benefits in the form of rent from a licensee. The receipt of rent from a licensee in such a situation inherently establishes a link between the law enforcement officer and the licensed tenant, creating a pecuniary relationship in which the officer's financial gain in the form of rental payments is related to the licensee's ability to maintain its license to continue selling liquor on the rental property. Thus, control over the licensee's business operation or internal processes is not necessarily required to show that a landlord/law enforcement officer derives some indirect interest in the liquor license of a tenant. The statute itself requires the law enforcement officer to have only some form of indirect interest in a liquor license; actual control over the licensee's business operations or internal processes would constitute much more than an indirect interest.
Moreover, we cannot close our eyes to the link between a law enforcement officer and a liquor licensee which may be created by the mere payment of money. It is not unreasonable, we believe, to recognize that economic interests in our society often foster relationships of a very strong synergistic and symbiotic nature. Thus, the legislative intent behind § 18 may seriously be eroded by permitting a law enforcement officer to be placed into a situation in which his economic interest of retaining a paying commercial tenant, which relies upon its liquor license to generate profits, runs contrary to the performance of official duties which could lead to the revocation of the tenant's liquor license. Common sense and logic suggest that, in such a situation, a law enforcement officer, because of the rent received from the licensee, may indeed be tempted to perform his official duties not with total objectivity but with some regard to the effect such performance may have on his pocketbook. This is precisely the kind of conflict-inducing situation which § 18 seeks to avoid. As observed, perhaps cynically but certainly insightfully, by Chaucer in The Tale of Melibeus, "Alle thynges obeyen to moneye."
In conclusion, we disagree with the circuit court, which reversed MLCC's determination because it "was not supported by any of the underlying facts and the agency's construction of the statute was given the most unreasonable interpretation and arbitrary application." We find that MLCC's determination is authorized by law and is supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence. Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court's grant of declaratory and injunctive relief in favor of plaintiff and reinstate MLCC's determination conditioning the transfer of Sunshine's liquor license to plaintiff's rental property upon plaintiff's resignation from the sheriff's department or upon the sale of plaintiff's premises.
Reversed. No costs, a question of first impression being involved.
WAHLS, P.J., concurred.
I respectfully dissent. Long-standing administrative interpretations of a statute, while entitled to considerable weight, are not conclusive and cannot be used to override a logical reading of the statute. People v Dunn, 104 Mich. App. 419, 425; 304 N.W.2d 856 (1981), and Stratton-Cheeseman Management Co v Dep't of Treasury, 159 Mich. App. 719, 724; 407 N.W.2d 398 (1987).
In the present case, we have not been presented with a long-standing administrative interpretation of MCL 436.18(1); MSA 18.989(1). Rather, MLCC relies on its decisions rendered in 1983 and 1984 regarding other licensee transfer requests as support for its decision to condition Sunshine's transfer request of a specially designated merchant beer and wine license on plaintiff's resigning or selling his premises. Furthermore, I find no ambiguity in § 18. When construed with the Liquor Control Act, as a whole, it is clear that the purpose of this section is to prevent any conflict of interest between the law enforcement officer's interest in a liquor license and the law enforcement officer's special duty to enforce the provisions of the Liquor Control Act within his or her jurisdiction. See MCL 436.1(4); MSA 18.971(4). However, it is also clear that § 18 only prevents a law enforcement officer from having an interest in a liquor license. It does not foreclose all business relations between the law enforcement officer and a holder of a liquor license.
In this fact situation, the transaction in question is a lease agreement. There is nothing in the lease that ties its terms, conditions of default, or cash flow to the success or failure of the beer and wine license. Although it appears that plaintiff benefits from Sunshine's liquor license to the extent that Sunshine would not move its party store to plaintiff's premises unless MLCC approved the transfer of its liquor license, I do not believe that this constitutes an "indirect interest" in a liquor license as contemplated by the Legislature.
The undisputed facts are totally devoid of any participation by plaintiff in Sunshine's business or his receipt of financial benefits other than the rent Sunshine pays for the use of plaintiff's premises. Thus, I find that MLCC's application of § 18 to plaintiff was not authorized by law. Plaintiff's purely landlord-tenant relationship with Sunshine, without more, does not create an interest in Sunshine's liquor license. Accordingly, I would affirm the trial court's opinion and order.
Plaintiff has raised constitutional arguments in support of the declaratory judgment in his favor. Plaintiff did not seek declaratory relief based on those constitutional issues. Consequently, I agree with the majority and decline to review those issues. Harris v Pennsylvania Erection Construction, 143 Mich. App. 790, 795; 372 N.W.2d 663 (1985).
I would affirm.