Opinion
6 Div. 772.
October 31, 1957.
Appeal from the Circuit Court, Jefferson County, S. A. Lynne, Special Judge.
Count A of the complaint is as follows:
"Plaintiff claims of the defendant the sum of Nineteen Hundred Thirteen and 80/100 ($1,913.80) Dollars due on a policy whereby the defendant on, to-wit, the fourteenth day of November, 1951 insured the life of the plaintiff for the sum of Thirty Five Thousand ($35,000) Dollars, and in said policy agreed to pay to the plaintiff a monthly income equal to One (1%) Per Cent of the amount of said sum, if the plaintiff, after paying at least one full annual premium and before default of the payment of any subsequent premium and before attaining the age of Sixty (60) years, should become permanently and totally disabled as the result of injury or disease so as to be wholly unable to engage in any occupation or to perform any work for compensation or profit. Plaintiff further alleges that said policy further provided that such total disability shall be presumed to be permanent after the plaintiff has been continuously totally disabled for not less than four (4) months and was during all that period wholly prevented from engaging in any occupation or performing any work for compensation or profit by cause or causes other than death, and that said monthly payments were to be made beginning four (4) months after the date of the commencement of such disability and on the same day of each month thereafter during such disability. And plaintiff avers that after paying at least one full annual premium and before default in payment of any subsequent premium and before attaining the age of sixty (60) years, the plaintiff became so totally disabled on, to-wit, July 4, 1952 so as to be wholly unable to engage in any occupation and perform any work for compensation or profit and the plaintiff was continuously so totally disabled during the months of to-wit, July, August, September, October, November, December of 1952 and the first part of January, 1953, and plaintiff avers that although the plaintiff has furnished due proof thereof to the defendant, yet the defendant has failed to pay the monthly income that was due him during the period from to-wit, July 4, 1952 through January 4, 1953 amounting to the sum of Seven Hundred ($700.00) Dollars. Plaintiff further alleges that on, to-wit, November 14, 1952 and while the plaintiff was so totally disabled, as aforesaid, the plaintiff paid to the defendant the second annual premium on said policy amounting to the sum of One Thousand Two Hundred Thirteen and 80/100 ($1,213.80) Dollars and plaintiff alleges that by virtue of the terms and provisions of said policy the defendant waived all payments of premiums on said policy falling due during the continuance of the disability hereinabove described, which payment of said premium the defendant has failed or refused to waive and has failed to refund to the plaintiff upon demand. Hence this suit."
Spain, Gillon Young, Frank M. Young and S. R. Starnes, Birmingham, for appellant.
It is essential for plaintiff in his pleading to bring the case within the policy by alleging a loss from the happening of the event or peril insured against. Brittain v. Prudential Ins. Co., 29 Ala. App. 57, 191 So. 794; 46 C.J.S. Insurance § 1284, p. 335. A complaint failing to allege that the policy is the property of the plaintiff is not in code form and is demurrable. Code 1940, Tit. 7, § 223(12); All States Life Ins. Co. v. Kelso, 29 Ala. App. 310, 195 So. 460. Ordinary relationship between insured and broker is that of principal and agent. Sellers v. Commercial Fire Ins. Co., 105 Ala. 282, 16 So. 798. Photograph not tending to prove an issue in the case is inadmissible. Birmingham Baptist Hospital v. Blackwell, 221 Ala. 225, 128 So. 389; 20 Am.Jur. 609, § 729. Question asking witness if he had ever attempted suicide subsequent to 1938 called for a conclusion. Norton-Crossing Co. v. Martin, 202 Ala. 569, 81 So. 71; Cooke v. Embry, 219 Ala. 623, 123 So. 27; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Tatum, 35 Ala. App. 478, 49 So.2d 673; Id., 255 Ala. 13, 49 So.2d 678; Montgomery-Moore Mfg. Co. v. Leeth, 2 Ala. App. 324, 56 So. 770; Killian v. Webber, 36 Ala. App. 254, 54 So.2d 634. Textbooks on mental diseases and extracts therefrom are admissible in evidence. Stoudenmeier v. Williamson, 29 Ala. 558; City of Dothan v. Hardy, 237 Ala. 603, 188 So. 264, 122 A.L.R. 637; Anderson v. State, 209 Ala. 36, 95 So. 171; Rosenthal v. U.S., 8 Cir., 45 F.2d 1000, 78 A.L.R. 1415. Answer to question propounded to one physician as to whether or not other doctors changed their diagnoses would be hearsay. Mixon v. Pennington, 204 Ala. 347, 85 So. 562; United States v. Buck, 5 Cir., 70 F.2d 1007. False representations in applications as to previous disease defeat recovery on policy if made with intent to deceive or if matter misrepresented materially increased risk of loss. Sovereign Camp, W.O.W. v. Fischer, 236 Ala. 494, 183 So. 653; Liberty Nat. Life Ins. Co. v. Trammell, 33 Ala. App. 275, 33 So.2d 479; Reliance Life Ins. Co. v. Sneed, 217 Ala. 669, 117 So. 307. Physician may state in comparison of other persons with whom he came in contact professionally his opinion of mental capacity and strength of a certain person. Sloan v. Newman, 166 Ark. 259, 266 S.W. 257; 32 C.J.S. Evidence § 535, p. 254. Where verdict is contrary to great weight of evidence, it is error to overrule motion for new trial. Cobb v. Malone, 92 Ala. 630, 9 So. 738.
Sirote, Permutt, Friend Friedman, Birmingham, for appellee.
Count for disability benefits is not demurrable for failure to allege policy is property of plaintiff. American Bankers' Ins. Co. v. Dean, 227 Ala. 387, 150 So. 333; Equitable Life Assur. Soc. v. Dorriety, 229 Ala. 352, 157 So. 59. The complaint averring essential facts in general terms was not demurrable. American Bankers' Ins. Co. v. Dean, supra; Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co. of California v. Edmonson, 235 Ala. 365, 179 So. 185; Life Cas. Ins. Co. of Tennessee v. Tollison, 223 Ala. 78, 134 So. 805; Blankenship v. Van Hooser, 221 Ala. 542, 130 So. 63. Insurer cannot defend on ground that insured allegedly misrepresented fact that he had had mental disease 13 years prior to application where evidence showed he had fully recovered from such condition when policy was issued. Louisiana State Life Ins. Co. v. Phillips, 223 Ala. 5, 135 So. 841; Sovereign Camp, W.O.W. v. Harris, 228 Ala. 417, 153 So. 870; New York Life Ins. Co. v. Zivitz, 243 Ala. 379, 10 So.2d 276, 143 A.L.R. 321. Agent through whom insured made application is agent of insurer. New Brunswick Fire Ins. Co. v. Nichols, 210 Ala. 63, 97 So. 82; Code 1940, Tit. 28, § 79. In order for medical texts to be admissible they must be relevant and applicable to the facts. Watkins v. Potts, 219 Ala. 427, 122 So. 416, 65 A.L.R. 1097; Gorman-Gammill Drug Co. v. Watkins, 185 Ala. 653, 64 So. 350. If with knowledge that statements made in application are untrue insurer consummates policy of insurance, he is deemed to have waived the right to assert their falsity. National Life Acc. Ins. Co. v. Cummings, 27 Ala. App. 355, 172 So. 353; Protective Life Ins. Co. v. Cole, 230 Ala. 450, 161 So. 818. To defeat policy on ground of misrepresentation the same must be false, made with intent to deceive or that it increased risk of loss, and that insurer relied thereon to its prejudice. Liberty Nat. Life Ins. Co. v. Trammell, 255 Ala. 1, 51 So.2d 174. The term "disease" means more than a temporary disorder. North Carolina Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Coleman, 32 Ala. App. 287, 26 So.2d 114; Ind. Life Ins. Co. v. Butler, 221 Ala. 501, 129 So. 466. Where insured had no knowledge that he suffered from manic depressive psychosis years before making application, his negative answer to question thereto cannot be taken as misrepresentation defeating policy. American Life Ins. Co. v. Buntyn, 227 Ala. 32, 148 So. 617.
Appellee, Fred W. Nichols, brought suit against appellant, Occidental Life Insurance Company of California, to recover disability benefits ($350 per month for two months) and return of a premium paid ($1,213.80) as provided for in a policy of insurance issued to him by the appellant. A jury verdict was rendered in favor of plaintiff and a judgment thereon was duly entered. The defendant's motion for a new trial being overruled, it brought this appeal.
The policy sued on provides for payment of $35,000 on death of the insured and disability benefits of $350 per month for permanent and total disability. There is a provision in the policy that a disability shall be considered permanent and total after it has continued for four months, with no benefits being allowed for the first four months. The claim in this suit is for two months' disability following the four months' waiting period.
The complaint, as last amended, consisted only of Count A, which will be set out in the report of the case. Defendant's demurrer to the amended complaint being overruled, it entered a plea in short by consent. The primary defenses relied on were the general issue and fraud and misrepresentation on the part of plaintiff in his application for the insurance.
The principal factual issue revolves around the answer to a question in the application. Plaintiff answered "No" to the following question: "Have you ever had any of the following diseases or symptoms? * * * Mental derangement or any nervous disease?" The evidence discloses that he had been confined to a hospital in Birmingham on two separate occasions in 1938. The original diagnosis by his doctor at that time showed that he was suffering from manic depressive psychosis, a mental disease. However, some time thereafter, the doctor changed his diagnosis to "an anxiety reaction," terming it a "gastric neurosis." There is a conflict in the evidence as to when this was done and as to whether it was properly made. Apparently, the jury believed the change was made other than for purposes of the trial.
There was conflicting medical testimony as to the symptoms of manic depressive psychosis, how closely these symptoms matched those of plaintiff during his 1938 illness, and as to the probability of recurrence of the disease.
There is no evidence that plaintiff knew, prior to the trial, that he had ever been diagnosed as suffering from manic depressive psychosis. He testified he had been told by his doctor that the 1938 illness was hyperinsulinism.
Subsequent to that illness, plaintiff applied for and received several policies of insurance from other companies, all of which were introduced in evidence in this case. In applications for the earlier of these other policies plaintiff answered questions to the effect that he had had a nervous disorder in 1938. In this connection, it was stipulated by defendant that prior to receipt of plaintiff's application, it was in possession of coded information furnished it by the Medical Information Bureau on August 18, 1943, that plaintiff had, within " 3-4-5 years" prior to that time, suffered an attack of "neurasthenia or nervous prostration"; and that "this information was in the knowledge of the defendant company at the time the defendant's policy number 2505161 [the policy sued on] was issued." It was also virtually uncontroverted that plaintiff's 1952 illness had no relation to that in 1938.
From the summer of 1952, and into the winter of the following year, plaintiff was in several hospitals and received treatment from several doctors. He suffered severe headaches, throat aches, some fever, stomach cramps, loss of appetite, loss of weight, diarrhea and muscle wasting. It appears to be undisputed that he was permanently and totally disabled during this period and that, unless the claimed misrepresentation by him is a bar to recovery, he is due the disability payments sought in this suit.
A doctor for defendant examined plaintiff prior to and in connection with issuance of the policy involved in this case. In filling out the part of the application dealing with plaintiff's medical history the doctor took information from prior examination records which he had made in connection with his examination of plaintiff for insurance with other companies. Those records did not disclose any prior nervous or mental disease. Plaintiff signed the application but did not read it.
Defendant demurred to the complaint taking the point, among others, that it does not show plaintiff was permanently totally disabled as the result of an accident or disease. The argument is that the policy provides for disability payments during "permanent total disability of the insured" while the complaint alleges only "that plaintiff became so totally disabled on, to-wit, July 4, 1952 so as to be wholly unable to engage in any occupation and perform any work for compensation or profit and the plaintiff was continuously so totally disabled during the months of to-wit, July, August, September, October, November, December of 1952 and the first part of January, 1953."
It seems to us, from a consideration of all the allegations of Count A, that it sufficiently alleges the insured's permanent total disability. It first sets out that the insurer agreed to pay a monthly income to the plaintiff "if the plaintiff * * * should become permanently and totally disabled as the result of injury or disease so as to be wholly unable to engage in any occupation or to perform any work for compensation or profit." It then alleges that the policy provides "that such total disability shall be presumed to be permanent after the plaintiff has been continuously totally disabled for not less than four (4) months and was during all that period wholly prevented from engaging in any occupation or performing any work for compensation or profit by cause or causes other than death." It then alleges that "plaintiff became so totally disabled on, to-wit, July 4, 1952 so as to be wholly unable to engage in any occupation and perform any work for compensation or profit and the plaintiff was continuously so totally disabled during the months of to-wit, July, August, September, October, November, December of 1952 and the first part of January 1953."
There seems to be no question about the right to disability benefits under the policy being dependent upon the insured's permanent total disability nor that the complaint must show that insured is permanently totally disabled, within the meaning of those terms as used in the policy. It is our view that Count A sufficiently alleges the insured's permanent total disability. The policy expressly provides that a total disability shall be presumed to be permanent after a continuous total disability for not less than four months. The complaint alleges that plaintiff was "so totally disabled" for more than the prescribed four months, thus effectively alleging, in accordance with the terms of the policy itself, facts showing a permanent total disability. As already noted, the complaint seeks payment for only two months of the period of disability, the first four months being excluded by an express provision of the policy.
Another insistence is that Count A is defective because it does not contain an allegation that the policy sued on is the "property of the plaintiff." The argument is that Form 12 of § 223, Tit. 7, Code 1940, calls for such allegation. Form 12 prescribes a form of complaint on a policy of life insurance brought by one after the death of the insured. There is no specific Code form for a complaint on a disability insurance contract. And we do not think it essential that the complaint in this type case allege that the policy sued on is the property of the plaintiff. Such allegation would appear to be superfluous. In this connection it is to be noted that Forms 13 and 14, prescribing forms of complaint in suits on policies of fire and marine insurance brought by the insured himself, as in the case before us, makes no requirement of an allegation of ownership of the policy by the plaintiff-insured. We do not think good pleading requires such an allegation in the instant case.
No error was committed in overruling the demurrer on the grounds here insisted on.
The primary question presented on the merits relates to the effect on the case of § 6, Tit. 28, Code 1940, which provides as follows:
"No written or oral misrepresentation, or warranty therein made, in the negotiation of a contract or policy of insurance, or in the application therefor or proof of loss thereunder shall defeat or void the policy, or prevent its attaching, unless such misrepresentation is made with actual intent to deceive, or unless the matter misrepresented increase the risk of loss."
We do not understand defendant to insist here that the claimed misrepresentation was made with actual intent to deceive. Even if so, there was ample evidence to support the jury's finding that there was no such intent.
The issue, then, is whether the withholding of the information that plaintiff had had either manic depressive psychosis or a nervous disease in 1938 increased the risk of loss, within the meaning of § 6, Tit. 28, supra. As we see it, this phase of the case boils down to this: If plaintiff had manic depressive psychosis in 1938, the question for decision would be whether that fact increased the risk of loss. On the other hand, if it was a jury question whether he had that disease, and the jury found he did not, then there would be no occasion to decide whether such condition increased the risk of loss. It seems clear to us that, under the evidence, it was a factual issue, for the jury's determination, as to whether plaintiff suffered from manic depressive psychosis in 1938. In arriving at their verdict for the plaintiff the jury must have concluded that he was not suffering from that disease in 1938. As to plaintiff's nervous condition, we do not see how defendant can claim that it increased the risk of loss in view of defendant's admitted knowledge of such condition.
As already noted, the trial court denied defendant's motion for a new trial. In this situation, the established rule of review is thus stated in Smith v. Smith, 254 Ala. 404, 408, 48 So.2d 546, 548:
"The appellant urges with great earnestness that the trial court was in error in overruling the motion for a new trial because the verdict of the jury was contrary to the great weight of the evidence. Where there is evidence which if believed justifies the verdict, a motion for a new trial is properly overruled. Johnson v. Louisville Nashville R. R. Co., 240 Ala. 219, 198 So. 350; Kurn v. Counts, 247 Ala. 129, 22 So.2d 725. Verdicts are presumed to be correct and no ground of new trial is more carefully scrutinized or more rigidly limited, than that the verdict is against the evidence. Cobb v. Malone, 92 Ala. 630, 9 So. 738. It is recognized by this court that when the presiding judge refuses, as here, to grant a new trial, the presumption in favor of the correctness of the verdict is strengthened. Bell v. Nichols, 245 Ala. 274, 16 So.2d 799; Southern Railway Co. v. Kirsch, 150 Ala. 659, 43 So. 796."
In the light of this rule, we find no basis for reversing the cause on the ground that the verdict was against the great weight of the evidence.
It is insisted that error was committed in allowing plaintiff to testify, over defendant's objection, as to disclosures he made to the insurance broker, who handled the insurance policy here involved, concerning plaintiff's previous medical history. The import of the testimony was that plaintiff, before issuance of the policy, told the broker of his nervous condition in 1938. The argument is that the broker was the agent of plaintiff and not the defendant and, for this reason, it was improper to admit such evidence. At the conclusion of the oral testimony the defendant stipulated, as already noted, it had knowledge that plaintiff was suffering from a nervous disorder in 1938. In view of that, it seems to us to be immaterial whether the broker was plaintiff's agent or defendant's agent. If he was defendant's agent the evidence was clearly admissible. If the plaintiff's agent, it was not properly admitted; but, in view of defendant's stipulation, it was error without injury. Rule 45, Revised Rules of the Supreme Court, Code 1940, Tit. 7, Appendix, Pocket Part; 261 Ala. XIX, XXXVII.
Another insistence is that it was error to admit in evidence a photograph of plaintiff taken during his 1952 illness. The picture shows him sitting in a chair with a towel across the middle part of his body. It illustrates the loss of weight and muscle wasting incident to his illness. Defendant claims it was offered solely to arouse the sympathy of the jury.
The basis of plaintiff's claim is his permanent total disability. Defendant's plea of the general issue, in short by consent, controverted the allegations of the complaint showing such disability. Thus, one of the principal issues was whether plaintiff was in fact so disabled. Plaintiff contends that the photograph was material and relevant on this controverted issue. We agree. Bearing on plaintiff's disability was the fact that he had lost considerable weight and had suffered from muscle wasting. Although the photograph may be regarded as being cumulative, it nevertheless shed some light upon a material inquiry. See Birmingham Electric Co. v. McQueen, 253 Ala. 395, 400, 44 So.2d 598; Harris v. Snider, 223 Ala. 94, 96, 134 So. 807; Birmingham Baptist Hospital v. Blackwell, 221 Ala. 225, 227, 128 So. 389. We have examined the photograph, sent up for our inspection, and do not think it was improperly received in evidence.
Another assignment of error relates to the admission of testimony by plaintiff to the effect that, subsequent to 1938, he had never attempted to commit suicide. The question followed other inquiries tending to establish that plaintiff had fully recovered from his 1938 illness and that no symptoms of manic depressive psychosis had evidenced themselves subsequent to 1938 and up to the time of the trial. Prior to the question under review there was medical testimony that manic depressive psychosis is "frequently accompanied by suicidal tendencies."
The insistence is that the testimony objected to is within what is commonly known in this state as the "rule of exclusion," that is, a witness, whether a party to the cause or not, may not testify as to his uncommunicated intent, purpose or motive. See Pyles v. State, 262 Ala. 1, 2, 78 So.2d 816; Hardie v. State, 260 Ala. 75, 79-80, 68 So.2d 35; Cooke v. Embry, 219 Ala. 623, 626, 123 So. 27; Alabama Power Co. v. Edwards, 219 Ala. 162, 166, 121 So. 543; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Tatum, 35 Ala. App. 478, 482-483, 49 So.2d 673, certiorari denied 255 Ala. 13, 49 So.2d 678; McElroy, "Admissibility, in Alabama, of a Witness' Testimony to His Own Intent or Other State of Mind", 1 Ala. Lawyer 221. We do not think this testimony falls within the rule. It seems to us that an attempt to commit suicide is essentially factual. An "attempt" is thus defined in 7 C.J.S., Attempt, p. 688, viz.:
"* * * As commonly used, the word implies an act or effort, an actual deed done in pursuance and in furtherance of a design, an exercise of physical force directed to some definite end, * * *. The term generally means an act, effort, an endeavor or exertion tending toward the accomplishment of a purpose which exceeds a mere intent but falls short of an execution of it; * * *."
In Jackson v. State, 91 Ala. 55, 56, 8 So. 773, 24 Am.St.Rep. 860, cited to the foregoing text, it is said:
"The word 'attempt' is among the adjudged words, and in this state has a defined legal meaning. 'An attempt implies more than an intention formed. It means to make an effort or endeavor, or an attack.' — Gray v. State, 63 Ala. 66, 73. An 'attempt' implies an intent, and an actual effort to consummate the intent or purpose; 'to try.' — Berdeaux v. Davis, 58 Ala. [611], 612; Prince v. State, 35 Ala. 367; Lewis v. State, 35 Ala. 380, 381. * * *"
Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., p. 162, defines "attempt" as follows:
"In statutes and in cases other than criminal prosecutions an 'attempt' ordinarily means an intent combined with an act falling short of the thing intended. * * * It may be described as an endeavor to do an act, carried beyond mere preparation, but short of execution."
In Webster's New International Dictionary, Second Ed., it is said that to attempt to do something is "to try; to endeavor to do or perform."
We do not think it was error to permit plaintiff to testify that he had not attempted to commit suicide.
Appellant charges the trial court with error in sustaining plaintiff's objection to the following question directed to Dr. Ward, one of defendant's medical witnesses, viz.:
"I will ask you whether or not, Doctor, that the patients that you see over there, that you are treating, present symptoms, that you are treating for manic-depressive psychosis, today, that have symptoms that are similar to those that is recited in the hospital charts which I have previously asked you about."
Aside from any other ground thought to be sustentive of the trial court's ruling, it seems to us that the question is rather involved and confusing, and, for this reason, if there be no other, the trial court should not be put in error for sustaining the general objection thereto.
During the examination by plaintiff of one of his medical witnesses the following occurred:
"Q. You made a statement that a doctor might be sure about diagnosis of manic-depressive psychosis. In the course of your observation, don't doctors sometimes have occasion to change their diagnoses?
"Mr. Young. We object to that.
"The Court. Overule the objection.
"Mr. Young. Immaterial, irrelevant, incompetent. We are not trying the doctors in the community as to what they do or don't do.
"The Court. I think it is pretty well known that it is human to err, we all are. I think that is a matter of general knowledge, and I don't reckon doctors are different from humanity.
"Mr. Young. We except.
"A. The practice of medicine, or law, or anything else would be possible of errors, because we are all human."
The overruling of defendant's objection to the foregoing question is assigned as error. It seems to us that the statement made by the trial court in ruling on the objection is sufficient answer to the claimed error. It is common knowledge that people change their minds and that doctors sometimes have occasion to change their diagnoses. If there was any error in admitting such testimony it was harmless. Rule 45, Rules of Practice in the Supreme Court, Code 1940, Tit. 7, Appendix; Rule 45, Revised Rules of the Supreme Court, Code 1940, Tit. 7, Cumulative Pocket Part, 261 Ala. XIX, XXXVII.
Several of the assignments of error relate to the overruling of defendant's objections to portions of plaintiff's attorney's argument to the jury. We have carefully considered these assignments of error and are not persuaded that error to reverse can properly be rested thereon. Much must be left, in the matter of an attorney's argument, to the enlightened judgment of the trial court, with presumptions in favor of its rulings. To justify a reversal we must conclude that substantial prejudice has resulted. In the light of the record as a whole, and the general tenor of the trial, we cannot say that substantial prejudice to the defendant resulted from the portions of the argument objected to. Adams v. Queen Ins. Co. of America, 264 Ala. 572, 580, 88 So.2d 331; Birmingham News Co. v. Payne, 230 Ala. 524, 528, 162 So. 116; Birmingham Electric Co. v. Mann, 226 Ala. 379, 381, 147 So. 165. As said in Alabama Great Southern Railroad Co. v. Gambrell, 262 Ala. 290, 295, 78 So.2d 619, 622:
"* * * [I]n the heat of a trial attorneys must not be held too strictly accountable for their words. All our cases recognize that a considerable degree of latitude is allowed in argument. City of Birmingham v. Bowen, 254 Ala. 41, 47 So.2d 174; Jones v. Colvard, 215 Ala. 216, 109 So. 877. * * *"
The defendant offered in evidence the following passages from a standard medical book:
"So far as the influence of race is concerned, the Jews show a higher percentage of manic-depressive cases than any other."
"The racial and regional relations of alcohol to insanity are suggestive. Alcoholism is infrequent among the Jewish; but no one would deny that the mental morbidity rate is as high as that of most races."
Plaintiff's objection to this evidence was sustained. That ruling is assigned as error.
We entertain the view that this was a matter within the trial court's sound discretion and that a reversal cannot be based on such ruling. The applicable principle is thus stated in 31 C.J.S. Evidence §§ 158, 159, pp. 866, 868:
"No precise and universal test of relevancy is furnished by the law but the determination of whether particular evidence is relevant rests largely in the discretion of the court, * * *." § 158, p. 866.
"The exclusion of evidence as not material or, more specifically, as not of probative value commensurate with the time which would be required for its use as evidence, either because too remote, too uncertain, or too conjectural, is a matter largely within the discretion of the court. * * *" § 159, p. 868.
The rule is thus stated in Sorrell v. Scheuer, 209 Ala. 268, 269, 96 So. 216, 217:
"As a general rule, facts are deemed relevant which logically tend to prove or disprove the fact in issue, or which afford a reasonable inference or shed light upon the matter contested; and facts bearing so remotely upon or collaterally to the issue that they afford merely a conjectural inference concerning the facts in issue should not be admitted in evidence. * * *
"Whether evidence offered is too remote to be admissible is for the court, in the exercise of a sound discretion, and such ruling will not be revised on appeal unless it is plain that error was committed. 10 R.C.L. § 87, p. 926. However, where the competency of evidence is doubtful, the better practice is to allow the evidence to go to the jury, leaving them to determine its weight and credibility. * * *"
Finding no error to reverse, the judgment appealed from is due to be, and is, affirmed.
Affirmed.
LIVINGSTON, C. J., and SIMPSON and COLEMAN, JJ., concur.