Opinion
01-03-2017
NYC C.L.A.S.H., et al., Plaintiffs–Appellants, v. CITY OF NEW YORK, et al., Defendants–Respondents.
Joshpe Law Group LLP, New York (Edward A. Paltzik of counsel), for appellants. Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel, New York (Benjamin Welikson and Richard Dearing of counsel), for respondents.
Joshpe Law Group LLP, New York (Edward A. Paltzik of counsel), for appellants.Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel, New York (Benjamin Welikson and Richard Dearing of counsel), for respondents.
ANGELA M. MAZZARELLI, J.P., DAVID B. SAXE, KARLA MOSKOWITZ, MARCY L. KAHN, and ELLEN GESMER, JJ.
SAXE, J.In this declaratory judgment action, plaintiffs, NYC C.L.A.S.H. (CLASH) and Russell Wishtart, seek a declaration that Local Law No. 152 of City of New York (2013) is unconstitutional. Local Law 152 amended Administrative Code of City of New York, title 17, chapter 5, the " Smoke–Free Air Act," to add regulation of electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes. Plaintiffs contend that Local Law 152 violates the so-called "one-subject rule" established by New York Constitution article III, § 15, Municipal Home Rule Law § 20(3), and New York City Charter § 32.
New York City Citizens Lobbying Against Smoker Harassment.
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Smoking in public places in New York City was first regulated by the enactment of Local Law 2 of 1988, which added chapter 5 to title 17 of the Administrative Code (§§ 17–501–17–514), entitled the "Clean Indoor Air Act." In 1995, the City Council enacted Local Law 5, which renamed chapter 5 the "Smoke–Free Air Act" and expanded the restrictions on smoking in public areas, adding recreational areas and children's institutions (see Administrative Code §§ 17–501–17–504). In 2002, chapter 5 of the Administrative Code was further amended by Local Law 47, which further extended restrictions on smoking, eliminating smoking in restaurants and bars, with certain exceptions, and prohibiting smoking in day care centers and elementary and middle schools. Chapter 5 was amended yet again by Local Law 50 of 2009 (regulating smoking in outdoor areas of hospitals) and Local Law 11 of 2011 (public parks and beaches).
Local Law 152 of 2013 further amended chapter 5 of Administrative Code title 17, by adding to the law the regulation of the use of electronic cigarettes in addition to the regulation of smoking tobacco cigarettes. For example, NYC Administrative Code § 17–503 was amended as follows:
"Prohibition of smoking and use of electronic cigarettes. a. Smoking [is], and using electronic cigarettes, are prohibited in all enclosed areas within public places" [additions to the original text are in italics, removal of the original text is bracketed] ).
Before enacting this law, the City Council held a series of hearings, at which it heard testimony from, among others, public health advocates, representatives of electronic cigarette manufacturers, and members of the public, including plaintiff Wishtart and the founder of plaintiff NYC CLASH. The Committee report issued following the hearings explained that electronic cigarettes are devices that contain a liquid containing nicotine, as well as varying compositions of flavorings, propylene glycol, glycerin, and other ingredients, that is heated into a vapor that the user inhales. Although they have been marketed as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes since they were introduced in the U.S. in 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control have expressed concern about e-cigarettes' safety for the user and non-user, samples having tested positive for carcinogens, as well as the concern that they may lead to the use of other nicotine products by young people (see CDC Office on Smoking and Health, E-cigarette Information [Nov. 2015], https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/stateandcommunity/pdfs/ cdc–osh–information–on–e–cigarettes–november–2015.pdf; U.S. Food & Drug Administration, The Facts on the FDA's New Tobacco Rule, https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm506676.htm# safer [last accessed 12/12/16] ).
Plaintiffs' contention—that the enactment of Local Rule 152 violated the one-subject rule by impermissibly lumping into the same law two subjects, smoking traditional cigarettes and smoking e-cigarettes—is based on a fundamental misapprehension of that rule.
The one-subject rule contained in article III, § 15, was first included in the New York Constitution in 1846, "as a result of the success of Aaron Burr in persuading the Legislature to grant him a charter for a water company which had hidden among its provisions a clause enabling him to found a bank" (Burke v. Kern, 287 N.Y. 203, 213, 38 N.E.2d 500 [1941], citing Matter of City of New York [Clinton Avenue], 57 App.Div. 166, 68 N.Y.S. 196 [2d Dept.1901], affd. 167 N.Y. 624, 60 N.E. 1108 [1901] ). As is described in greater detail in the Second Department decision that the Court of Appeals cited in Burke v. Kern, Aaron Burr wanted to form a bank to compete with the Bank of New York, which was owned and controlled by Alexander Hamilton, but the Federalist-controlled Legislature would not grant him a charter for a bank. He got around that obstacle by asking the Legislature for a charter for the Manhattan Company, a business ostensibly formed to supply desperately needed clean drinking water in New York, and including in his charter proposal an authorization for the company to raise capital of $2,000,000 and a provision allowing any surplus capital to be used "in any way not inconsistent with the laws and Constitution of the United States or of the State of New York" (57 App.Div. at 169, 68 N.Y.S. 196 ). The charter, in this form, was granted, and Aaron Burr went on to use capital to cause the Manhattan Company to function primarily as a bank. So, what appeared to be an act authorizing a water company actually created what became "one of the strongest banking institutions of the city of New York" (57 App.Div. at 168–169, 68 N.Y.S. 196, citing 1 Hammond's Polit. Hist. New York, 325; see also John Kendrick Bangs, A Historic Institution: The Manhattan Company–1799–1899, Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. XCVIII, at 971–976 [May 1899] ).
The one-subject rule was created as a result. As the Court of Appeals explained in Economic Power & Constr. Co. v. City of Buffalo, 195 N.Y. 286, 296, 88 N.E. 389 [1909] ),
"The [one-subject] provision of the Constitution was adopted to check and prevent certain evils of
legislation.... Its object was twofold. First, to prevent a combination of measures in local bills and secure their passage by a union of interests commonly known as ‘log-rolling.’ Second, to require an announcement of the subject of every such bill to prevent the fraudulent insertion of provisions upon subjects foreign to that indicated in the title. It was intended that every local subject should stand upon its own merits, and that the title of each bill should indicate the subject of its provisions so that neither legislators nor the public would be misled or deceived" (emphasis deleted).
The problem of legislative "logrolling" as referred to in the above—quoted language is "the uniting of various objects having no necessary or natural connection with each other, in one bill, for the purpose of combining various pecuniary interests in support of the whole, which could not be combined in favor of either by itself" (Conner v. Mayor of City of N.Y., 5 N.Y. 285, 293 [1851] ).
However, the Constitution's one-subject rule applies only to bills passed by the State Legislature, since by its terms it relates only to "[t]he legislative power of this state" (N.Y. Const art. 3, § 1 ). It is therefore inapplicable in the present case (see Matter of Mitrione v. City of Glens Falls, 14 A.D.2d 716, 219 N.Y.S.2d 866 [3d Dept.1961] ).
The equivalent statutory provisions that directly govern local laws are those contained in the subsequently enacted provisions of the New York City Charter and the Municipal Home Rule Law. Municipal Home Rule Law § 20(3) states that "[e]very such local law shall embrace only one subject. The title shall briefly refer to the subject matter"; the New York City Charter provides that "[e]very local law shall embrace only one subject. The title shall briefly refer to the subject-matter" (N.Y. City Charter § 32).
Local Law 152 does not violate those requirements. It was titled "A Local Law to amend the administrative code ..., in relation to the regulation of electronic cigarettes." The regulation of electronic cigarettes was the only subject of the bill and that subject was clearly stated in its title. Therefore, the bill met the transparency requirement of the one-subject rule and adequately apprised the City Council and members of the public of its contents and purpose (see Burke v. Kern, 287 N.Y. at 213, 38 N.E.2d 500 ; Conner v. Mayor of City of N.Y., 5 N.Y. at 292–293 ).
Plaintiffs' reliance on Astor v. New York Arcade Ry. Co., 113 N.Y. 93, 20 N.E. 594 (1889) in support of their interpretation of the one-subject rule is misplaced. The Astor Court disapproved an 1873 law that, by its title, purported merely to supplement an 1868 law, but actually granted far greater authority to the defendant to construct an entirely different and far more substantial infrastructure-an underground railway system—than that authorized in the 1868 law. The existing local law, enacted in 1868, was "to provide for the transmission of letters, packages, and merchandise in the cities of New York and Brooklyn ... by means of pneumatic tubes, to be constructed beneath the surface" (id. at 102, 20 N.E. 594, quoting L. 1868, ch. 842). The act of 1873 was enacted after it became apparent that the creation of the contemplated pneumatic tube system was impracticable, and it authorized the defendant "to construct, maintain, and operate an underground railway, for the transportation of passengers and property" (Astor, 113 N.Y. at 107, 20 N.E. 594, quoting L. 1873, ch. 185). Yet, the title of the 1873 act, "An act supplementary to chapter 842 of the Laws of 1868, in relation to carrying letters, packages, and merchandise by means of pneumatic tubes, in New York and Brooklyn, and to provide for the transportation of passengers in said tubes," was, according to the Astor Court, "well calculated to deceive any persons to whose attention it came while the act was under consideration" (id. at 106, 20 N.E. 594 ), since "a person reading the title alone would have no clue whatever to the great railway scheme actually authorized by the act" (id. at 110, 20 N.E. 594 ).
In contrast to the legislation considered in Astor, which attempted to hide the creation of an underground railway system within pneumatic tubes legislation, here, Local Law 152 had a single purpose, which was proclaimed in its title and openly debated before the Council, namely, to add e-cigarettes to existing smoking legislation.
That the title of chapter 5 of the Administrative Code, in which Local Law 152 was codified, refers to smoke-free air, does not affect the legitimacy of the challenged Local Law. "Titles are to be distinguished from headings of chapters or sections of a code, which are sometimes treated as part of the act itself" (McKinney's Cons. Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 123[a], Comment). "Statutory titles ... are of little significance" and "may not alter or limit the effect of unambiguous language in the body of the statute itself" (People v. Taylor, 42 A.D.3d 13, 18, 835 N.Y.S.2d 241 [2d Dept.2007] [internal quotation marks omitted], lv. dismissed 9 N.Y.3d 887, 842 N.Y.S.2d 766, 874 N.E.2d 731 [2007] ).
Accordingly, the order of the Supreme Court, New York County (Frank P. Nervo, J.), entered May 11, 2015, which granted defendants' motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint and denied plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment, should be modified, on the law, solely to declare that Local Law 152 is enforceable and not violative of the New York State Constitution or statutory law, and as so modified, affirmed, without costs.
All concur.