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In Norrell v. State, 116 Ga. App. 479, 488 (157 S.E.2d 784), it was held that under the express terms of this section "the only persons entitled to its benefit are persons `aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure.' No provision is made in this section for pre-trial suppression of evidence deemed illegal for reasons other than unlawful search and seizure.
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42820.
ARGUED JUNE 12, 1967.
DECIDED SEPTEMBER 19, 1967.
Involuntary manslaughter. Fulton Superior Court. Before Judge Boykin, Emeritus.
B. Hugh Ansley, for appellant.
Lewis R. Slaton, Solicitor General, J. Walter LeCraw, J. Roger Thompson, for appellee.
1. The evidence authorized the verdict finding the defendant guilty of involuntary manslaughter in the commission of an unlawful act.
2. Where there was no proof of a plenary confession by the accused, a charge on the law of confessions was not authorized by proof of mere incriminating admissions.
3. One is not entitled to the benefit of a motion to suppress evidence under Section 13 of an Act of 1966 (Ga. L. 1966, pp. 567, 571; Code Ann. § 27-313) unless he is a person "aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure."
4. After written statements by other persons present at the scene of the shooting were admitted in evidence without objection, it was not error to deliver these statements into the possession of the jury in the absence of a timely motion or objection made with reference to prohibiting the statements from being considered by the jury during their deliberations.
5. The exclusion of testimony bearing on the involuntariness of admissions made by defendant while under arrest was harmless where defendant in his unsworn statement on the trial reiterated the particulars of the previous admissions.
6. Enumerations complaining that the court expressed an opinion on the evidence will not be considered where the defendant failed to object or move for mistrial when the judge made the remarks or rulings in question.
ARGUED JUNE 12, 1967 — DECIDED SEPTEMBER 19, 1967.
The indictment in this case charged that Ricky Norrell murdered Othel Mills by shooting him with a rifle.
The evidence on the trial showed that the homicide occurred in Fulton County on a heavily wooded tract of land owned by the widow of a doctor who had operated a general medical and surgical clinic on the premises prior to his death in 1958. There were weird rumors that the premises had been used as an insane asylum, that the house was haunted, and that "water-heads," or hydroencephalics, roamed the woods at night. For about six years prior to the homicide the deceased and his family rented a portion of the residence on the premises as living quarters. During this time curiosity seekers and vandals frequently came onto the premises at night. These intruders caused various property damage and would sometimes drive around the house, screaming and cursing, or throw rocks at the house, or shoot guns and fireworks. Deceased tried to stop these activities by accosting the intruders and remonstrating with them. On the night of September 6, 1966, the deceased was missing from the house, and the owner of the premises initiated a search for him. Shortly after midnight a police officer found the deceased's body beside the driveway leading from the residence, approximately 450 feet from the public road. The body bore two gunshot wounds in the chest, either of which would have caused death. There was expert opinion, based on ballistics tests, that a .22 caliber bullet taken from the body could have been fired from the semi-automatic rifle used by defendant earlier in the evening.
After his arrest the defendant, a high school student, gave to police officers two written statements, similar in content, which were later introduced in evidence: "On Labor Day, Monday, everybody met down at the store . . . where we always meet . . . About 7:30 p. m. everybody was talking about these water-headed people. So we were going to see one. . . It was myself, Jerry Atkinson, and David Mobley who went. We got down there to Dr. Schneider's and I was driving a 1957 Ford. We backed down into the driveway and got about 150 yards away from the house and we heard some gunshots . . . then a pecking on the back of my car. Jerry was lying on my windshield and he said that after we got on up the driveway a little ways a man threw a board with nails in it in front of my car and we got a flat tire. . . So we pulled on out of the driveway, regrouped at an E-Z Store, and fixed my flat tire. We decided we were going to go back the next night. We were going to scare the same old man. . . On Tuesday night . . . we loaded up in David Mobley's station wagon. There was me, Fred Atkinson, Jerry Atkinson, David Mobley, Gene Perkins, Allen Stanley and Johnny Scoggins in the station wagon and we went on down to Dr. Schneider's . . . to the driveway and backed into it. . . Jerry started running over the curb and he pulled up a little bit and the fuel pump cut off, and we pulled out a little bit and everybody started screaming, `Go back down in there.' We got on back down in the driveway . . . pretty close to the house and Fred was leaning out the tailgate and was going to bend down the tag. All of a sudden Bubba, Fred, screamed, `My God, there he is.' I looked up and . . . this big old man came out behind a tree and he had a rock in his hands. . . He threw the rock and it hit the quarter panel of the car and glanced off and hit Fred in the head. . . Fred screamed `I've been hit in the head,' and I grabbed him by the pants and pulled him back in and I screamed at David, `Get the hell out of here.'. . I had the rifle in my left hand. The safety was on. . . The old man had a shotgun right after he had thrown the rock. I heard a .22 shot as we were going up the driveway and I didn't know where it came from. . . After I told him to get out from there, I heard the first gunshot and Fred was still sticking his head out the window and I kept pulling him back in and we got on up the road a piece. . . I had the gun lying on the tail gate. I pulled the safety off and started firing wild. . . Fred was still trying to get up and look over the tail gate. I knocked him back down again and held him down with my right hand as I pulled the trigger with my left. . . The car was bouncing upon the dirt road so bad that the gun barrel was just bouncing all over the rear end. I . . . just kept pulling the trigger all the time. . . After that I didn't hear any more gunshots. . . I did not know if I had hit the old man or not. . . We got back upon the road, and . . . went on back to the E-Z Store to get our cars. We got the cars and. . . All of us met at the Sinclair Station on Cleveland Avenue and we looked at the side of the car and saw that it had a . . . gunshot hole in the right rear quarter panel. . . We got up the next morning and went to school as if nothing had happened. After work the next day — it was about 7:15, maybe 7:30 p. m. — Johnny ran up to me and told me the old man was dead."
Defendant made an unsworn statement on the trial, and this was consistent in all material respects with the extra-judicial statements: "[While making plans for the second trip to the premises] We were . . . talking about getting a rifle and we thought it was a good idea to scare this thing off before it had a chance to block the road again. We could shoot in the air and it wouldn't have a chance to throw this board in the road in front of us. . . That man was to my left. I was shooting straight down the road with my left hand. . . All I could be doing was trying to protect ourselves, to make a diversion. . . We meant no harm to anybody. . ."
By expert opinion relating to the position of the deceased when shot and the general trajectory of the bullets fired from the boys' car, defendant sought to establish that the bullets fired by him could not have hit deceased.
The jury returned a verdict finding defendant guilty of the crime of involuntary manslaughter in the commission of an unlawful act.
1. (a) Defendant contends (Enumeration 1) that the verdict finding him guilty of involuntary manslaughter in the commission of an unlawful act was not authorized because there was no evidence that he was in the commission of an unlawful act such as would support a conviction of that offense. The essential elements of involuntary manslaughter in the commission of an unlawful act are, first, the intentional commission of an unlawful act and, second, the killing of a human being without having so intended, but as the proximate result of the intended act. Wells v. State. 44 Ga. App. 760 (1) ( 162 S.E. 835); Passley v. State, 62 Ga. App. 88, 89 ( 8 S.E.2d 131); Williams v. State, 96 Ga. App. 833 (1a) ( 101 S.E.2d 747).
Code § 26-1009, defining involuntary manslaughter, provides: "Where such involuntary killing shall happen in the commission of an unlawful act which, in its consequences, naturally tends to destroy the life of a human being, or is committed in the prosecution of a riotous intent, or of a crime punishable by death or confinement in the penitentiary, the offense shall be deemed and adjudged to be murder." Under this proviso if the homicide occurs in the commission of a crime punishable by confinement in the penitentiary, involuntary manslaughter is not involved. Owen v. State, 202 Ga. 616, 618 ( 44 S.E.2d 266).
In Stallings v. State, 100 Ga. App. 327 (1) ( 111 S.E.2d 109), the evidence showed that the defendant deliberately fired a pistol across a field and into woods under circumstances from which the jury could infer that the defendant knew or should have known of the presence of the deceased in the area and in the general direction in which defendant fired. This court held in that case that the jury were authorized to find that the defendant had committed an unlawful act in firing the pistol under the circumstances ( Code § 26-1702) and the evidence thus authorized the verdict finding the defendant guilty of involuntary manslaughter in the commission of an unlawful act.
Under Code § 26-1702 shooting at another is a crime punishable by confinement in the penitentiary, and therefore a homicide resulting from that unlawful act would constitute the crime of murder under Code § 26-1009. Thus the holding in Division 1 of Stallings v. State, 100 Ga. App. 327, supra, is in conflict with Code § 26-1009 and with decisions of the Supreme Court and is not binding as precedent.
Although the verdict of involuntary manslaughter could not be based upon the act of shooting at another, yet there was evidence to sustain the view that the defendant was in the commission of a simple assault upon the deceased, and this offense was one embraced in the charge made by the indictment. One who shoots a gun without justification in the direction of another situated within the range of the gun, not intending to hit him but intending to frighten him is guilty of an assault. Crumbley v. State, 61 Ga. 582, 584; Hart v. State, 55 Ga. App. 85 (2) ( 189 S.E. 547); Nelson v. State, 92 Ga. App. 738 (2) ( 90 S.E.2d 38). Compare, Edwards v. State, 4 Ga. App. 167 ( 60 S.E. 1033), in which two judges of this court rendered an opinion to the contrary and Judge Powell, concurring specially, commented that "fright is such bodily harm that to shoot in the general direction of a person, with intent to `bluff or scare' him, is an assault." P. 171. The latter view is consistent with Crumbley and undoubtedly represents the law of this State.
Simple assault being a misdemeanor under Code § 26-1401, an unintentional homicide proximately resulting from that unlawful act would amount to involuntary manslaughter and not murder.
(b) Defendant also contends (Enumeration 8) that the evidence shows that he was justified in returning the fire from the deceased. We need not make any distinction here in the questions whether an intentional homicide would have been justified and whether a mere assault resulting in an unintentional homicide was justified.
"`One who provokes a difficulty may yet defend himself against violence on the part of the one provoked, if the violence be disproportionate to the seriousness of the provocation, or greater in degree than the law recognizes as justifiable under the circumstances.'" Creamer v. State, 47 Ga. App. 660, 663 ( 171 S.E. 166); Sams v. State, 124 Ga. 25 ( 52 S.E. 18). The killing of an aggressor may be justifiable homicide if necessary to prevent a felony against the person or property of another, but a trespass which amounts only to a misdemeanor will not justify a killing. Crawford v. State, 90 Ga. 701, 704 ( 17 S.E. 628, 35 ASR 242); Drew v. State, 136 Ga. 658, 660 ( 71 S.E. 1108). If a person provokes a difficulty and the provocation amounts to no more than a mere trespass, it would not put him in the wrong in resisting or defending himself against a felonious attack on account of the provocation. See Bennett v. State, 19 Ga. App. 442, 445 ( 91 S.E. 889).
The evidence and admissions in this case showed that prior to the exchange of gunfire the defendant and his companions were engaged in a trespass upon the premises where deceased lived. But that trespass would not have justified the deceased in killing the occupants of the car. Here the deceased had thrown a large rock hitting the car and striking one of defendant's companions in the head and immediately afterward he fired a shotgun blast ripping a hole in the side of the car. Under these circumstances the jury would have been authorized to find that deceased was committing a felonious attack upon the boys, and that defendant, acting under the influence of reasonable fear, was justified in resisting the attack with proportionate force.
However, in every instance in which the defendant invokes the theory of justification as a defense, the fundamental question is whether the defendant's act was done only as a measure of prevention against an impending or progressive wrong and was not done pursuant to an illegal purpose originating with the defendant. See Mize v. State, 135 Ga. 291, 296 (3) ( 69 S.E. 173); Ward v. State, 25 Ga. App. 296 (1) ( 103 S.E. 726).
Having failed to satisfy his curiosity on the first trip to the premises, the defendant decided to return the next evening and it was his avowed purpose to frighten the deceased. To indulge himself in this morbid amusement he armed himself with a semi-automatic rifle, a dangerous weapon. And thinking that he had been shot at on his first trip, he nevertheless returned to the premises to expose himself to the same risk again. This seems like the conduct of one indifferent to that danger. Under the bizarre circumstances of this case the jury was clearly authorized to find that in returning deceased's fire, the defendant was not acting under the influence of fear of the attack by deceased and in defense against it, but was acting pursuant to his original avowed purpose of frightening the deceased.
2. The second enumeration complains that the court erred in charging the jury on confessions, there being no evidence that the accused had confessed to the homicide.
"All admissions shall be scanned with care, and confessions of guilt shall be received with great caution." Code § 38-420. Under the admonition of this Code section it is incumbent upon the trial court to discriminate precisely in determining whether to charge the jury on the law of confessions. Where there is no proof of a plenary confession by the accused, a charge on the law of confessions is not authorized by proof of mere incriminatory admissions. Dumas v. State, 63 Ga. 600, 604; Powell v. State, 101 Ga. 9, 19 ( 29 S.E. 309, 65 ASR 277); Suddeth v. State, 112 Ga. 407, 409 ( 37 S.E. 747); Cleveland v. State, 114 Ga. 110 (1) ( 39 S.E. 941); West v. State, 155 Ga. 482, 487 ( 117 S.E. 380); Bloodworth v. State, 216 Ga. 572 (1) ( 118 S.E.2d 374); Oliphant v. State, 52 Ga. App. 105 ( 182 S.E. 523); Braswell v. State, 87 Ga. App. 430, 433 ( 74 S.E.2d 106).
There is a broad distinction between mere admissions of inculpatory facts and confessions of guilt. A "confession" is a voluntary statement acknowledging guilt of a criminal offense, and the term "admission" ordinarily signifies the avowal or acknowledgement of a fact or of circumstances from which guilt may be inferred and only tending to prove the offense charged, but not amounting to a confession of guilt. Riley v. State, 1 Ga. App. 651, 654 (57 Se 1031). An incriminating statement, to be the equivalent of a confession of guilt, must be so comprehensive as to include every essential element of the offense. When a person admits only some subordinate fact or series of facts from which the jury may or may not infer guilt and which would be true whether the main fact existed or not, there is no confession. Covington v. State, 79 Ga. 687, 690 ( 7 S.E. 153); Weaver v. State, 135 Ga. 317, 321 ( 69 S.E. 488); Montgomery v. State, 202 Ga. 678, 682 ( 44 S.E.2d 242); Chappell v. State, 71 Ga. App. 147 ( 30 S.E.2d 289). An acknowledgement of the main fact from which the essential elements of the criminal act may be inferred amounts to a confession of guilt provided the statement is not coupled with a qualifying exclusion of a necessary ingredient of the crime charged. Owens v. State, 120 Ga. 296, 299 ( 48 S.E. 21); Powers v. State, 172 Ga. 1, 12 ( 157 S.E. 195). A statement which includes facts or circumstances which show excuse or justification is not a confession of guilt even if it admits the main fact. Owens v. State, 120 Ga. 296, 299, supra; Harris v. State, 152 Ga. 193 (6) ( 108 S.E. 777); McCloud v. State, 166 Ga. 436, 441 ( 143 S.E. 558); Pressley v. State, 201 Ga. 267, 271 ( 39 S.E.2d 478).
Where there is proof merely of incriminating admissions and the court charges the jury on the law of confession, the charge may induce the jury to think that the declarations shown to have been made by the accused can be treated not only as a part of the material from which an inference of guilt may be drawn, but as a confession of guilt, direct or indirect, made by the accused. Lee v. State, 102 Ga. 221, 225 ( 29 S.E. 264); Fletcher v. State, 90 Ga. 468, 471 ( 17 S.E. 100). Or the charge may mislead the jury to think that the court is of the opinion that the case turns upon matter in evidence which has escaped their attention. Jones v. State, 65 Ga. 147, 150.
In this case the defendant has not admitted the homicide. Instead, he sought to establish as a defense that the shots fired by him did not strike the deceased. Thus the main fact is missing. See Edwards v. State, 213 Ga. 552, 555 ( 100 S.E.2d 172). Moreover, his admissions include statements subject to the construction that he was acting justifiably in shooting in the general direction of deceased. See Division 1 (b).
It was error to charge the jury on confessions.
3. The ninth enumerations complains that the trial court erred in failing to hear and grant defendant's motion to suppress all written or oral statements of the defendant and the other boys riding in the vehicle when the shooting occurred and all evidence obtained as the result of seizure of the vehicle, which belonged to another person, and the rifle used by defendant.
Section 13 of an Act approved March 16, 1966 (Ga. L. 1966, pp. 567, 571; Code Ann. § 27-313) provides: "(a) A defendant aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure may move the court for the return of property the possession of which is not otherwise unlawful and to suppress as evidence anything so obtained. . . (b) The motion shall be in writing and state facts showing wherein the search and seizure were unlawful. . ."
Under the express terms of Section 13 the only persons entitled to its benefits are persons "aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure." No provision is made in this section for pre-trial suppression of evidence deemed illegal for reasons other than unlawful search and seizure. The motion to suppress here avers that the statements referred to were secured by police officers as a result of illegal arrests and detention, not as a result of an unlawful search and seizure. These statements should have been made the basis of objections at the trial and not the basis of a pre-trial motion. See United States v. Tuzzo, 9 F. R. D. 466.
With respect to the rifle and the vehicle, the motion to suppress failed to state facts showing that the property was taken from any house or place owned, occupied or used by the defendant or that the defendant had any proprietary interest in or right to possession of the property seized. See Elkins v. United States, 266 F.2d 588, 595. It therefore failed to show that he was a person "aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure" within the terms of the Act. "In order to qualify as a `person aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure' one must have been a victim of a search or seizure, one against whom the search was directed, as distinguished from one who claims prejudice only through the use of evidence gathered as a consequence of a search or seizure directed at someone else." Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 261 ( 80 SC 725, 4 L.Ed.2d 697, 78 ALR2d 233); Diaz-Rosendo v. United States, 357 F.2d 124, 131.
The court did not err in refusing to hear and grant defendant's defective motion to suppress.
4. The third enumeration complains that the court erred in admitting in evidence the written statements given to police officers by four of the boys who were in the vehicle with defendant when the shooting occurred and that the court erred in delivering these statements into the possession of the jury during their deliberations. The record shows that the defendant offered into evidence the statements of one of the boys and that both parties stipulated that the statements of all four boys be admitted. After the statements were admitted without objection, there was no timely motion or objection made with reference to prohibiting the statements from being considered by the jury during their deliberations. In the absence of proper motion or objection it was not error if in fact these documents were delivered to the jury. Smithwick v. State, 199 Ga. 292, 302 (10) ( 34 S.E.2d 28). Compare Shedden v. Stiles, 121 Ga. 637, 639 (4) ( 49 S.E. 719); Strickland v. State, 167 Ga. 452, 460 (6) ( 145 S.E. 879); Royals v. State, 208 Ga. 78, 79 (2) ( 65 S.E.2d 158).
5. Enumerations 10, 15, 16 and 18 complain of the exclusion of testimony which defendant contends was relevant to the involuntary character of the two written statements defendant gave police officers shortly after his arrest. The exclusion of this testimony, if error, was harmless because defendant reiterated substantially all the salient particulars of the extra-judicial statements in his unsworn statement on the trial and there was no material inconsistency between the former and the latter.
6. Enumerations 6, 11, 12 and 13 complain that during the course of the trial the court expressed an opinion on the evidence. As defendant failed to object or move for mistrial when the judge made the remarks or rulings in question, these enumerations will not be considered. Palmer v. Stevens, 115 Ga. App. 398 (5) ( 154 S.E.2d 803) and citations; Perdue v. State, 135 Ga. 277, 281 ( 69 S.E. 184); Herndon v. State, 178 Ga. 832, 850 (6) ( 174 S.E. 597); Coates v. State, 192 Ga. 130, 138 ( 15 S.E.2d 240).
7. Enumerations 4, 5, 7, 14, 17, 19, 20 and 21 are without merit.
The judgment is reversed for the reason stated in Division 2 of the opinion. Pannell and Whitman, JJ., concur.