Summary
In New Mexico District Council of Carpenters and Joiners of America v. Jordan Nobles Construction Co., 802 F.2d 1253 (10th Cir. 1986) (Jordan Nobles), this court held that "a project-by-project employer may void a § 8(f) agreement with respect to any project in which hiring has not taken place."
Summary of this case from Trustees of the Wyoming Laborers Health & Welfare Plan v. Morgen & Oswood Construction Co.Opinion
No. 85-1952.
October 3, 1986.
John L. Hollis (Gerald R. Bloomfield, also of Kool, Kool, Bloomfield Hollis, Albuquerque, N.M., on the brief), for defendant-appellant.
Michael D. McQueen (Charles C. High, Jr., and Christopher J. Powers, also of Kemp, Smith, Duncan Hammond, El Paso, Tex., with him, on the briefs), for plaintiff-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico.
This appeal concerns whether a labor agreement between the plaintiff-appellee, the New Mexico District council of Carpenters (the Union), and the defendant-appellant, Jordan Nobles Construction Co., Inc., should be characterized as a voidable per-hire agreement or a nonvoidable collective bargaining agreement.
Commencing in 1969, the Union and Jordan Nobles entered into a series of labor agreements requiring the hiring of union carpenters on New Mexico construction sites. The last agreement, which is the one involved in this appeal, covered the period from June 20, 1978, through April 1, 1984. Jordan Nobles abided by the terms of the 1978 agreement through January 1980, hiring union carpenters on three construction projects in New Mexico. Then, in January 1984, after four years without hiring in New Mexico, it began construction on an addition to a hospital in Alamogordo, New Mexico.
In early January 1984 when Jordan Nobles "was just setting up and getting ready to go," R. IV, 43, Alfonso Murillo, the business agent for the Union, visited the hospital job site and was told by James Acosta, Jordan Noble's project superintendent, that the company was not going to abide by the agreement. On February 10, 1984, Jordan Nobles sent the Union a letter which said in part: "[W]e repudiate the Agreement and will not recognize your union as the representative of our employees on any of our projects in New Mexico." R. III, Def. Exh. A.
The Union responded by invoking a grievance procedure, outlined in Article VIII of the 1978 agreement, and claimed that Jordan Nobles was in violation of the agreement. The Union-appointed members of the Joint Administrative Committee held a hearing on the grievance, found in favor of the Union, and assessed damages of $17,949.24 for unpaid wages, fringe benefit contributions, union fees and dues. Jordan Nobles maintained that it was not bound by the agreement or its grievance procedure, and its representatives refused to participate in the hearing.
The Union then filed suit under section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 185, to enforce the Committee's awards for breach of the agreement. After a bench trial, the district court found for the Union. On this appeal, Jordan Nobles' primary contention is that the trial court erred as a matter of law in concluding that "[t]he collective bargaining agreement of June 20, 1978, was not a section 8(f), 29 U.S.C. § 158(f), prehire agreement." R. I, 99.
Section 8(f) allows an employer "engaged primarily in the building and construction industry" to enter into a labor agreement with a union even if "the majority statutes of such labor organization has not been established." 29 U.S.C. § 158(f). Section 8(f) agreements "are usually called `pre-hire' agreements, although they need not be negotiated before a construction employer hires his work force." Orange Belt District Council of Painters No. 48 v. Kashak, 774 F.2d 985, 988 (9th Cir. 1985). Employers may unilaterally repudiate a section 8(f) agreement "until and unless [the union] attains majority support in the relevant unit." Jim McNeff, Inc. v. Todd, 461 U.S. 260, 269, 103 S.Ct. 1753, 1758, 75 L.Ed.2d 830 (1983) (quoting NLRB v. Local Union No. 103, International Association of Bridge, Structural Ornamental Iron Workers (Higdon), 434 U.S. 335, 341, 98 S.Ct. 651, 655-56, 54 L.Ed.2d 586 (1978)); Painters Local Union No. 164 v. Epley, 764 F.2d 1509, 1513-14 (11th Cir. 1985) ("the employer retains the right to repudiate the prehire contract at any time except where the union was established majority status at a particular project. . ."), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 106 S.Ct. 1636, 90 L.Ed.2d 182 (1986). If majority supports in shown, the viable § 8(f) agreement ripens "into a fully-binding, mature collective bargaining agreement." Kashak, 774 F.2d at 988.
Central to the issue of variability is determining the relevant bargaining unit by which to evaluate the existence of majority support. If the employer has a "permanent and stable work force," then a showing of majority support among these employees on past projects is sufficient to convert a § 8(f) agreement into a collective bargaining agreement. NLRB v. Haberman Construction Co., 641 F.2d 351, 367 (5th Cir. 1981). If, however, the employer hires on a project-by-project basis, the relevant bargaining unit becomes the workers on each project and the union must "reestablish its majority at each successive jobsite." Contractors, Laborers, Teamsters Engineers Pension Plan v. F H Construction Co., 787 F.2d 430, 431 (8th Cir. 1986) (quoting Haberman, 641 F.2d at 368). In Higdon the Supreme Court said:
"The employer's duty to bargain and honor the contract is contingent on the union's attaining majority support at the various construction sites. In NLRB v. Irvin, 475 F.2d 1265 (CA3 1973), for example, the prehire contract was deemed binding on those projects at which the union had secured a majority but not with respect to those projects not yet begun before the union had terminated the contract."
434 U.S. at 345-46, 98 S.Ct. at 658. By definition, if a project-by-project employer repudiates an agreement before hiring on a project, the union cannot make a showing of majority support and the agreement is properly voidable with respect to that project.
The Union does not dispute that Jordan Nobles was a project-by-project employer. In the three construction projects undertaken between 1978 and 1980, only two of thirty-nine employees were employed on more than one project and one of the two was hired after a four-month time gap. Moreover, for four years before the repudiation Jordan Nobles did not hire any carpenters in New Mexico. Thus, Jordan Nobles did not employ either a permanent or stable work force.
We need then only address whether Jordan Nobles effectively repudiated the agreement before majority status was achieved at the hospital project. "In order to constitute a repudiation, the conduct must be sufficient to put the union and the employees on notice that the agreement is terminated." Contractors, Laborers, Teamsters Engineers Health Welfare Plan v. Harkins Construction Equipment Co., 733 F.2d 1321, 1326 (8th Cir. 1984). In the present case the trial court specifically found that "Mr. Acosta, as Defendant's Superintendent on the project, had both actual and apparent authority to inform Mr. Murillo that Defendant was not going to follow the terms of the collective bargaining agreement." R. I, 97. Acosta's statement was sufficient to given notice of Jordan Nobles' repudiation. The Union's own witness indicated that "[t]here weren't really any carpenters on the job site," R. IV, 43, at the time Acosta in "very plain language" repudiated the agreement. R. IV, 71. The evidence is uncontroverted that this notice of repudiation came before any carpenters were hired.
Because we find that Acosta's statement in early January was sufficient repudiation, we need not consider the union affiliation of carpenters employed before the February 10 letter from Jordan Nobles to the Union, or whether these carpenters constituted a representative complement of those carpenters that were eventually hired.
A union cannot show majority support in a work force that is yet to be hired. We therefore find as a matter of law that a project-by-project employer may void a § 8(f) agreement with respect to any project in which hiring has not taken place. Thus, Jordan Nobles' repudiation of the agreement was proper.
We do not reach Jordan Nobles' alternative claim that the 1978 agreement was converted to a project-only agreement by operation of its "Most Favored Nations" clause when the Union signed single project agreements with other employers.
The district court's decision is REVERSED.