Opinion
Docket No. 53970.
Decided November 17, 1981.
Daniel S. Cooper, P.C., for plaintiffs.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and Janis Meija and Erica Weiss, Assistants Attorney General, for defendants.
Defendants appeal from a September 30, 1980, circuit court order granting plaintiffs summary judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.3, and permanently enjoining defendants from terminating plaintiffs' day care benefits.
Plaintiffs are enrolled in the Independent Education and Training Program (I E T) administered by defendant department and are therefore eligible for Title XX day care benefits under the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1397. On May 28, 1980, Governor Milliken signed Executive Order 1980-3 which mandated various reductions in state expenditures because of the state's financial crisis. In particular, one million dollars which had been earmarked to pay for day care benefits to persons eligible for Title XX day care benefits, 1979 PA 110, specifically those enrolled in the I E T program, were transferred to the unappropriated balance of the state's general fund pursuant to the Governor's authority under Const 1963, art 5, § 20 and 1979 PA 111, § 9. The ceiling amount of federal reimbursements for the state's Title XX expenditures had been surpassed and the state was funding all Title XX services with state funds until the end of the fiscal year, September 30, 1980. Funding for day care benefits for five other educational training programs was continued. These programs were: the high school completion program, including GED and ABE; WIN, CETA and Bureau of Rehabilitation sponsored education and training programs; and the Michigan Department of Social Services authorized employment marketing program.
Plaintiffs brought a class action on behalf of all I E T program participants whose Title XX day care benefits were discontinued, seeking an injunction against the termination of day care benefits. A temporary restraining order was issued and, after a hearing, the trial court refused to dissolve the order. Defendants then moved for summary judgment. The motion was denied, and the trial court by oral opinion permanently enjoined defendants from terminating I E T child care benefits on the grounds that defendants' actions were without any rational basis and plaintiffs' rights to equal protection of the laws were violated.
In their brief in support of the motion for summary judgment, defendants argued that their eligibility classifications had a reasonable basis because funding day care for participants in high school completion and adult basic education courses furthers achievement of the basic skills necessary to obtain and perform most available jobs, the goal being to bring as many needy persons as possible to at least a minimum level of employability. Defendants stress that they were not arguing that persons with high school degrees are more employable than persons pursuing advanced education or training through independent education or training programs. Defendants also submitted that all of the programs for which day care benefits continued to be funded were supervised and selective as to both participants and course of study while the I E T program did not have such controls. The defendants' rationale thus was that supervised programs are more likely to lead to specific employment for the participants.
At the hearing on defendants' motion to dissolve the temporary restraining order, plaintiffs countered in oral argument defendants' contention that the I E T program had lesser controls than the five programs which were not discontinued. Defendants responded by arguing that the department's only involvement with I E T program participants was to ascertain whether they were eligible for Title XX services and whether they were enrolled in an accredited institution. Paula Stark, Director of the Office of Employment Development for the Michigan Department of Social Services, testified on behalf of defendants. Stark was in charge of the WIN program, the Department of Employment and Training Employment Marketing Program and the day care program. According to Stark, a person applying for I E T has to fill out a form indicating that she is going to an accredited school to pursue some goal. The department has no jurisdiction for determining whether the goal is appropriate or will lead to employment, although the recipient must periodically show the department that she is satisfactorily progressing toward her goal.
Stark also testified that the state is accountable for certain performance goals under the WIN program whereby it selects units to participate in the different programs based upon the likelihood that participants will ultimately obtain jobs. The CETA program is also bound by employment goals and participants are screened. The department's own employment marketing program and the Bureau of Rehabilitation Services training program are monitored according to employment goals. All of the above programs are geared to the time span between the training or education and the eventual employment as well as to the relation of the goal to the eventual employment.
At a subsequent hearing on defendants' motion for a summary judgment, the trial court ruled that there was no reasonable distinction between the class made up of plaintiffs and the class made up of individuals participating in other programs serviced by child care assistance. The court characterized defendants' arguments and proofs concerning the rationale for cutting off plaintiffs' child care benefits as fallacious since it was not reasonable to conclude that the participants in the other five programs would be more employable than plaintiffs. The court concluded that defendants had failed to state a valid defense to the equal protection claim and granted summary judgment in favor of plaintiffs.
The question to be decided here is whether the trial court's findings of fact and conclusions of law with respect to plaintiffs' equal protection claim are clearly erroneous. GCR 1963, 517. A finding is clearly erroneous when, "although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed". Tuttle v Dep't of State Highways, 397 Mich. 44, 46; 243 N.W.2d 244 (1976).
In their respective briefs on appeal, the litigants disagree as to the proper standard for reviewing this equal protection claim. Defendants contend that plaintiffs' equal protection claim must fail if any state of facts can be reasonably conceived as a rational basis for the governmental classification, citing Feldman v Dep't of Social Services, 84 Mich. App. 103; 269 N.W.2d 319 (1978), and Dandridge v Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 484; 90 S Ct 1153, 1161; 25 L Ed 2d 491, 501 (1970). Plaintiffs would apply the tests summarized in Alexander v Detroit, 392 Mich. 30, 35-36; 219 N.W.2d 41 (1974), as follows:
"(1) Are the enactment's classifications based on natural distinguishing characteristics and do they bear a reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation?
"(2) Are all persons of the same class included and affected alike or are immunities or privileges extended to an arbitrary or unreasonable class while denied to others of like kind?" (Citations omitted.)
Feldman, supra, involved an equal protection challenge to the denial of an adult foster care license to a facility which had more than six residents over 65 years of age. This Court noted that the interest of the plaintiff in Feldman was exclusively of a pecuniary nature and did not rest on either a fundamental constitutional right or on "a classificatory scheme perceived precedentially to be suspect". Feldman, supra, 105. This Court, therefore, applied the traditional rational basis test of Dandridge v Williams, supra, e.g., whether any state of facts can reasonably be conceived as a just basis for the legislative classification.
The new or reconstituted equal protection test applied in Alexander v Detroit, supra, was dubbed "the fair-and-substantial-relation-to-the-object-of-the-legislation" test or the "means scrutiny" test in Manistee Bank Trust Co v McGowan, 394 Mich. 655, 670-671; 232 N.W.2d 636 (1975). The Court then concluded that "the governing rule is one of reason" and that the classification "must bear a reasonable relation to the object of the legislation". The Court concluded that, "where the challenged statute carves out a discrete exception to a general rule and the statutory exception is no longer experimental, the substantial-relation-to-the-object test should be applied". Id., 671.
In McAvoy v H B Sherman Co, 401 Mich. 419, 452; 258 N.W.2d 414 (1977), the Supreme Court cited the equal protection language in Alexander, supra, as the test to be applied. The Court also quoted the discussion in Manistee Bank Trust Co v McGowan, supra, 668, concerning the "two tiered" approach to equal protection and the shifting burden of proof:
"If the interest is `fundamental' or the classification `suspect', the court applies a `strict scrutiny' test requiring the state to show a `compelling' interest which justifies the classification. Rarely have courts sustained legislation subjected to this standard of review.
"Other legislation, principally social and economic, is subjected to review under the traditional equal protection test. The burden is on the person challenging the classification to show that it is without reasonable justification. It has been said that `[a] statutory discrimination will not be set aside if any state of facts reasonably may be conceived to justify it'. A classification will stand unless it is shown to be `essentially arbitrary'. Few statutes have been found so wanting in `rationality' as to fail to satisfy the `essentially arbitrary' test." McAvoy v H B Sherman Co, supra, 453.
It concluded that, since the legislation under scrutiny dealt with property rights and not fundamental rights, the plaintiffs had the burden to show that the classification was arbitrary and did not bear a rational relation to the object of the legislation. Accord, Smith v Employment Security Comm, 410 Mich. 231, 271; 301 N.W.2d 285 (1981).
In light of the above discussion, it appears that the traditional rational basis test applies in the instant case and that the burden of showing the nonexistence of such fell upon the plaintiffs. While a legislative classification was not involved here, this Court applied the traditional Dandridge rational basis test to a challenge involving the Michigan Department of Social Services' policy concerning the eligibility of welfare recipients for shelter allowances in Koziarski v Dep't of Social Services, 86 Mich. App. 15, 23-24; 272 N.W.2d 183 (1978), lv gtd 406 Mich. 970 (1979).
We conclude that the trial court clearly erred in finding that defendants had no rational basis for terminating plaintiffs' child care benefits. The trial court obviously misunderstood the rationale proffered by defendants for terminating the child care subsidies for only those persons involved in the I E T program while continuing aid to those in the other five programs. Defendants did not rationalize their decision by contending that persons in the other programs would be more employable than plaintiffs at the conclusion of their training and/or education. Rather, defendants contended at the initial hearing on the temporary restraining order and in subsequent arguments on the summary judgment motion that the funding of day care for participants in the other monitored and selective education and job training programs fostered the achievement of basic skills and thereby furthered the goal of bringing as many needy persons as possible to at least a minimal level of employability. The proofs by defendants also tended to show that the programs for which day care assistance was continued were monitored as to employment goals of the curricula and as to the time span between the training or education and the eventual goal.
The rationale offered by defendants comported with the legislative purpose of Title XX benefits under the Federal Social Security Act. Section 1397 of the act authorizes appropriations for the purpose of encouraging states to furnish services directed at several goals, including that of "achieving or maintaining economic self-support to prevent, reduce, or eliminate dependency". 42 U.S.C. § 1397. Executive Order 1980-3 provided that expenditures were being reduced because actual revenues for the fiscal year would fall below revenue estimates on which the appropriations were based. The state also has a valid interest in preserving the fiscal integrity of its programs and may limit its expenditures for public assistance. White v Dep't of Social Services, 20 Mich. App. 481, 485; 174 N.W.2d 315 (1969).
Plaintiffs did not carry the burden of proof in showing that there was no rational basis for the state's actions. While several of the named plaintiffs testified to show that they were involved in worthwhile educational pursuits, this testimony did not refute defendants' contention that the state was attempting to allocate the limited resources in a way in which the largest number of social services recipients would be assisted in attaining economic independence.
Reversed.