Opinion
Civ. No. 2:10-CV-02166 KJM DAD
01-12-2012
DAVID MUGOMOKE Plaintiff, v. SUSAN CURDA, et al., Defendants.
ORDER
Plaintiff David Mugomoke ("Mugomoke") seeks a writ of mandamus to compel the Department of Homeland Security to adjudicate his Application to Register Permanent Resident or Adjust Status ("I-485"), filed nearly seven years ago. Plaintiff seeks a declaration that defendants' delay in adjudicating his application has been unreasonable and in violation of defendants' obligations under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Defendants have filed a motion to dismiss this action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. §§ 701 and 706, and the INA, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1252(g) and 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii). In the alternative, defendants have moved for summary judgment on the grounds that there are no genuine issues of material fact and any delay is reasonable under the APA, 5 U.S.C. §§ 555(b) and 706(1). Defendants' motion came on for hearing on July 27, 2011.
Unless otherwise stated, all statutory references are to the most current official version of the United States Code.
For the reasons set forth below, the court denies defendants' motions.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiff David Mugomoke, a Rwandan citizen, was granted asylum in April 2004. Compl. ¶ 15, ECF No. 1. An office clerk for the Rwandan Army's Chief of Staff, he came across a list of names of individuals suspected of disloyalty to the Rwandan government. Id. ¶¶ 16-18. With the help of a relative who was a major in the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), Mugomoke leaked this information to the individuals under suspicion, prompting those individuals to flee the country. Id. ¶ 18. Upon discovery, the government arrested Mugomoke, assaulted him, and threatened to kill him. Id. ¶ 19. He fled Rwanda and subsequently entered the United States on a student visa in 2003. Id. ¶¶ 19-20. During the Rwandan Civil War, Mugomoke was a member of the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), which broke off from the RFA following the war. Id. ¶ 21. The United States classifies the RPF and RPA as Tier III terrorist organizations. Id. According to Mugomoke, however, the Tier III label only applies to organizations that are "currently engaged in 'terrorist activity'" and that the purpose of the "category was to capture newly emergent groups"; thus the RPA should not be categorized as a Tier III organization. Id. ¶ 22.
On May 5, 2005, Mugomoke filed an Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status ("I-485") with the United States Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS). Id. ¶ 23. He appeared for biometrics appointments on October 6, 2005 and February 27, 2007. Id. ¶¶ 24 & 26. On May 22, 2007, he received a request for evidence related to his I-485 application. Id. ¶ 27. Between February 20, 2007 and December 1, 2009, he contacted USCIS seven times to inquire about the status of his I-485 application, including by making an inquiry to the USCIS's ombudsman to seek assistance on his "stalled application." Id. ¶¶ 25, 28, 29, 30-31, 34. He also contacted Senator Dianne Feinstein's office on two separate occasions for assistance with his application. Id. ¶¶ 32, 35. According to the Senator's office, the USCIS had put the application "in abeyance pending the release of regulations from the Department of Homeland Security," and that the USCIS "cannot speculate as to when these regulations will be released." Id. ¶ 35; Letter from Jessica Hartzell, Constituent Servs. Rep., Offices of Sen. Dianne Feinstein, to David Mugomoke (May 8, 2009), Compl. Ex. 10, ECF No. 1-4. In response to Mugomoke's second letter, the Senator's office informed him that the USCIS cannot expedite cases held in accordance with 8 U.S.C. § 212(a)(3)(B), "nor can they be removed from that category until they have been thoroughly reviewed." Compl. ¶ 35; Letter from the Office of Sen. Dianne Feinstein, to David Mugomoke (Feb. 26, 2010), Compl., Ex. 13, ECF No. 1-4.
Mugomoke alleges that his application, now over six years old, has taken more than the "expected four month processing time for the adjudication of an I-485 application." Compl. ¶ 36. Mugomoke supports the four-month time line by referencing the USCIS's website, which states that the processing times for I-485 applications based on grants of asylum at the "USCIS National Goal," the "USCIS National Average," and the "Nebraska Service Center" are all four months; the latter is the center handling Mugomoke's application. Compl. ¶ 36; Compl. Ex. 1., ECF No. 1-1. Mugomoke alleges that defendants have not adhered to their own processing times, resulting in delays in processing his application, and that defendants have sufficient information to adjudicate his application. Compl. ¶¶ 37-38. Mugomoke goes on to allege that "he has been greatly damaged by the failure of Defendants to act in accordance with their duties under the law," and that because of these failures, he cannot obtain legal permanent residence and thus "cannot travel or work without restrictions." Id. ¶ 39. He further alleges that the delay in approving his application prevents him from accruing time toward eligibility for naturalization and delays "his obtainment of the rights and privileges enjoyed by citizens of the United States." Id. ¶ 39.
Mugomoke alleges that the delays are unlawful and seeks mandamus and declaratory relief, requesting that the court (1) assume jurisdiction over the matter, (2) order the USCIS to submit an expedited request to the FBI to expedite processing his background check, (3) order the USCIS to schedule an I-485 interview and finish adjudicating his application within 60 days of the order, (4) declare the alleged delay in adjudicating his application as unreasonable and in violation of the INA and associated regulations, (5) award him reasonable costs and attorneys' fees, and (6) "[g]rant such further relief as the Court deems just and proper." Id. ¶¶ 49-50.
The government notes that Mugomoke has admitted to participating in the RPA from April 1994 to March 2001. Def. Mot. to Dismiss, Mot. for Summ. J. (Mot.), ECF No. 23; Def. Ex. 3, ECF No. 23-2. According to the government, until the RPA/RPF took control of the Rwandan government in July 1994, "the RPA met the definition of a Tier III undesignated terrorist organization at 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(vi)(III)." Mot. at 2 n.1. The INA allows the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (Secretary), in her discretion, to adjust a lawful asylee's status to permanent residence status where the asylee has been physically present in the United States for at least one year and "[is] otherwise eligible." Mot. at 4; 8 U.S.C. §§ 1159(b) & (b)(1).
The government argues that belonging to a terrorist organization as defined in 8 U.S.C. §§ 1182(a)(3)(B) (vi)(I)-(III) and "receiving military training from any organization that, at the time the training was received, was designated a terrorist organization," are grounds for inadmissibility for adjustment. Mot. at 4; 8 U.S.C. §§ 1182(a)(3)(B)(i)(I)-(X). While aliens who engage in such terrorist activity are inadmissible, the Secretary has the authority to exempt both individuals and organizations. Mot. at 5. In May 2005 and December 2007, Congress passed legislation that restricted the Secretary's authority to make such terrorism-related exemptions. Id. In response, the USCIS "instructed adjudicators to hold cases that could benefit from the Secretary's future exercise of discretion." Id.; Memorandum from Jonathan Scharfen, Deputy Dir., USCIS, to Assoc. Dirs. of USCIS (Mar. 28, 2008), Def. Ex. 13, ECF No. 23-4. USCIS placed Mugomoke's application in abeyance pending a favorable exercise of the Secretary's discretion instead of denying his adjustment application outright. Mot. at 5-6.
REAL ID Act, Pub. L. No. 109 13, Title II, 119 Stat. 231, 306 (May 11, 2005) (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1103); Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2008, Pub. L. No. 110-161, Div. J, Title VI, §§ 691(a)-(c), 121 Stat. 2364, 2365 (Dec. 26, 2007) ("CAA") (codified as amended at 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3)(B)(i)).
II. DISCUSSION
A. Motion to Dismiss
Defendants have moved to dismiss Mugomoke's claims on the grounds that the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction. Specifically, defendants assert that 8 U.S.C. §§ 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) and 1252(g) bar jurisdiction and because the decision on the adjustment application is discretionary, jurisdiction does not exist under the APA or the Mandamus and Venue Act (MVA), 28 U.S.C. § 1361. Mot. at 7.
1. Standard of Review
The party seeking to invoke the jurisdiction of the federal court has the burden of establishing that jurisdiction exists. Ass'n of Am. Medical Colleges v. United States, 217 F.3d 770, 778-79 (9th Cir. 2000). A Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction may be either facial, where the inquiry is confined to the allegations in the complaint, or factual, where the court is permitted to look beyond the complaint to extrinsic evidence. Wolfe v. Strankman, 392 F.3d 358, 362 (9th Cir. 2004). When the motion constitutes a factual attack, "no presumptive truthfulness attaches to plaintiff's allegations, and the existence of disputed material facts will not preclude the trial court from evaluating for itself the merits of jurisdictional claims." Thornhill Publ'g Co. v. Gen. Tel. & Elec. Corp., 594 F.2d 730, 733 (9th Cir. 1979). Where the jurisdictional issue is separable from the merits of the case, the district court may hear evidence regarding jurisdiction and rule on that issue prior to trial, resolving factual disputes where necessary. Augustine v. United States, 704 F.2d 1074, 1077 (9th Cir. 1983).
2. Analysis
a. Jurisdiction Under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(g)
Defendants rely on Reno v. American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Comm., 525 U.S. 471, 482 (1999), in arguing that 8 U.S.C. § 1252(g) bars jurisdiction over delays in processing I-485 applications. Mot. at 7. Section 1252(g) states:
Except as provided in this section and notwithstanding any other provision of law (statutory or nonstatutory), including section 2241 of Title 28, or any other habeas corpus provision, and sections 1361 and 1651 of such title, no court shall have the jurisdiction to hear any cause or claim by or on behalf of any alien arising from the decision or action by the Attorney General to commence proceedings, adjudicate cases, or execute removal orders against any alien under this chapter.8 U.S.C. § 1252(g). In American-Arab, the Supreme Court held that § 1252(g) bars review of the Attorney General's discretion to defer commencement of a deportation hearing. American-Arab, 525 U.S. at 482. In so doing, the Supreme Court construed the statute to only apply to very narrow, specific circumstances, stating that "§ 1252(g) applies to only a limited subset of deportation claims." Id. at 487. I-485 decisions, on the other hand, do not fall within the narrow definition of § 1252(g) nor do they implicate the policy purpose behind § 1252(g). See id. at 485 ("Section 1252(g) was directed against a particular evil: attempts to impose judicial constraints upon prosecutorial discretion."). The Ninth Circuit supports the conclusion that § 1252(g) only narrowly applies to the context of removal proceedings. Wong v. United States, 373 F.3d 952, 964 (9th Cir. 2004) ("the [American-Arab] Court cautioned that we must be careful not to read broadly language in the INA affecting court jurisdiction that is subject to a "much narrower interpretation. . . . Following [American-Arab], we have narrowly construed § 1252(g)."). Making a decision on an I-485 application does not implicate the agency's discretion to initiate removal proceedings, and thus § 1252(g) does not apply.
Other courts addressing similar cases have found that § 1252(g) does not bar federal court jurisdiction over actions regarding delayed I-485 applications by individuals inadmissible because of their association with Tier III terrorism-related organizations. See, e.g., Islam v. Heinauer, 2011 WL 2066661, at *3 (N.D. Cal. May 25, 2011); Hassane v. Holder, 2011 WL 2425993, at *3 (W.D. Wash. June 11, 2010); Sultan v. Roark, 2010 WL 1992195, at *2 (E.D. Cal. May 13, 2010); Khan v. Scharfen, 2009 WL 55939, at *3-4 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 6, 2009); Ahmed v. Scharfen, 2009 WL 55939, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 7, 2009). This court also finds that § 1252(g) does not preclude jurisdiction. Defendants' motion to dismiss in this respect is denied.
b. Jurisdiction Under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii)
Defendants also move to dismiss Mugomoke's claims on the ground that § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) bars the court from reviewing whether the agency has unreasonably delayed a decision on Mugomoke's adjustment application. Mot. at 9-12. Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) states that no court shall have jurisdiction to review:
. . . any other decisions or action of the Attorney General or Secretary of Homeland Security the authority for which is specified under this subchapter to be in the discretion of the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security, other than the granting of relief under section 1158(a) of this title.8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii). Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) bars the court from reviewing a final agency decision on an adjustment application, not from reviewing an agency's unreasonable delay in making a decision. According to Kucana v. Holder, _ U.S. _, 130 S. Ct. 827, 829 (2010), "both clauses [of § 1252(a)(2)(B)] convey that Congress barred court review of discretionary decisions only when Congress itself set out the Attorney General's discretionary authority in the statute." See also id. at 839 ("Any lingering doubt about the proper interpretation of § 1252(a)(2)(B) would be dispelled by the familiar principle of statutory construction: the presumption favoring judicial review of administrative action."); Wong, 373 F.3d at 963 ("§ 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) precludes jurisdiction only over decisions as to which discretionary authority is 'specified' by statute, not all discretionary decisions."). In Spencer Enterprises, Inc. v. United States, 345 F.3d 683 (2003), the Ninth Circuit stated that "[e]ven if a statute gives the Attorney General discretion, [] the courts retain jurisdiction to review whether a particular decision is ultra vires the statute in question." Id. at 689.
While the Secretary has discretion to decide the outcome of an I-485 application, the authority to not act on an application is not conferred by any statute. Thus a failure to act on an I-485 application falls within the APA's default rule: "With due regard for the convenience and necessity of the parties or their representatives and within a reasonable time, each agency shall proceed to conclude a matter presented to it." 5 U.S.C. § 555(b).
Other courts have found that 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(18) specifically imposes a non-discretionary duty "with a framework for both the timing and manner of withholding adjudication of adjustment of residency status." Dong, 513 F. Supp. 2d at 1166. "Title 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(18) is not a blanket authority to indefinitely withhold adjudication for adjustment of status. Section 103.2(b)(18) allows for the withholding of adjudication, for specified intervals, upon compliance with specific procedural requirements. Absent such compliance, judicial review is not precluded." Id. at 1168. Furthermore, 8 C.F.R. § 245.2(a)(5)(i) states that an I-485 applicant "shall be notified of the decision of the director and, if the application is denied, the reasons for denial." Gianni v. Curda, No. 2:07-cv-1478 GEB KJM, 2008 WL 479991, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 19, 2008).
Under either the default rule of § 555(b) or a non-discretionary duty imposed by 8 C.F.R. § 245.2(a)(5)(i) and 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(18), the USCIS has a duty to decide I-485 applications. Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) does not withdraw the court's jurisdiction to compel defendants to make a decision if that decision is unlawfully withheld. See 5 U.S.C. § 706(1) (granting courts jurisdiction to "compel agency action unlawfully held or unreasonably delayed").
A number of other district courts have reached similar results. See Al-Rifahe v. Mayorkas, 776 F. Supp. 2d 927, 931-33 (D. Minn. 2011); Islam, 2011 WL 2066661, at **2-3; Hassane, 2010 WL 2425993, at *2; Sultan, 2010 WL 1992195, at *2; Khan, 2009 WL 941574, at **3-4; Ahmed, 2009 WL 55939, at *5; but see, e.g., Singh v. Napolitano, 710 F. Supp. 2d 123, 129-32 (D.D.C. 2010) (finding that § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) strips federal courts of jurisdiction to review whether delay of an I-485 application was unreasonable).
This court concludes that because the agency is required to make a decision on an I-485 application, inaction falls outside the scope of the agency's discretion and § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) does not bar jurisdiction over Mugomoke's claim. The court also denies defendants' motion to dismiss in this respect.
c. Jurisdiction Under the MVA
Defendants further contend that the court does not have jurisdiction under the Mandamus and Venue Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1361 ("MVA").
"Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy and is available to compel a federal official to perform a duty only if: (1) the individual's claim is clear and certain; (2) the official's duty is non-discretionary, ministerial, and so plainly prescribed as to be free from doubt, and (3) no other adequate remedy is available." Kildare v. Saenz, 325 F.3d 1078, 1084 (9th Cir. 2003). "If the Court has jurisdiction [under] either the APA or the MVA, it need not address jurisdiction with respect to the other statute." Sultan, 2010 WL 1992195 (quoting Saini, 553 F. Supp. 2d at 1178 (internal quotations omitted)). Because the court has found it has jurisdiction under the APA, it need not decide the question under the MVA. But see Dong v. Chertoff, 513 F.Supp.2d 1158, 1167 (N.D. Cal. 2007) (jurisdiction appropriate under both APA & MVA).
B. Motion For Summary Judgment
Defendants have moved in the alternative for summary judgment, arguing that the delay in adjudicating Mugomoke's application does not violate § 706(1) of the APA as a matter of law. According to defendants, even if the APA permits judicial review over agency action that is unreasonably delayed or not completed within a reasonable time, several courts "have found that a delay incident to terrorism related holds is reasonable in light of the CAA [(Consolidated Appropriations Act)]." Mot. at 15-16 (citing Parra v. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 2009 WL 528622, at *4 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 2, 2009), Ali v. Gonzales, 08-1731, slip op. at 2 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 23, 2009) (unpublished), Khan v. Scharfen, 2009 WL 928282, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 6, 2009), Khan, 2009 WL 941574, at *8-9, and Singh v. Heinauer, 2008 WL 5110862, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Dec. 3, 2008)).
1. Standard for Summary Judgment
A court will grant summary judgment "if . . . there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). The "threshold inquiry" is whether "there is any genuine factual issues that properly can be resolved only by a finder of fact because they may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986).
Rule 56 was amended, effective December 1, 2010. However, it is appropriate to rely on cases decided before the amendment took effect, as "[t]he standard for granting summary judgment remains unchanged." FED. R. CIV. P. 56, Notes of Advisory Comm. on 2010 Amendments.
The moving party bears the initial burden of showing the district court "that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986). The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party, which "must establish that there is a genuine issue of material fact . . . ." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 585 (1986). In carrying their burdens, both parties must "cit[e] to particular parts of materials in the record . . .; or show [] that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact." FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c)(1); see also Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586 ("[the nonmoving party] must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts"). Moreover, "the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact . . . . Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247-48 (emphasis in original).
In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the court draws all inferences and views all evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587-88; Whitman v. Mineta, 541 F.3d 929, 931 (9th Cir. 2008). "Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, there is no 'genuine issue for trial.'" Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (quoting First Nat'l Bank of Arizona v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 289 (1986)).
2. Analysis
The court applies a six-part test to determine whether an agency's delay in making a decision is reasonable under § 706(1): (1) whether a "rule of reason" governs the time an agency takes to make a decision, (2) whether Congress has provided content for the rule of reason in the enabling statute, such as a timetable or other expectation of the speed with which it expects an agency to proceed, (3) whether human health or welfare is at stake, (4) whether expediting the delayed agency action impacts activities of a higher or competing priority, (5) the nature and extent of the interests prejudiced by the delay, and (6) the court need not find any impropriety or bad faith behind the delay to find it unreasonable. Telecomm. Research & Action Ctr. v. F.C.C., 750 F.2d 70, 80 (D.C. Cir. 1984) ("TRAC").
The second factor can be dispensed with readily, as there is no congressional timetable for I-485 adjudications. See 9 U.S.C. § 1159(b); 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(b)(I). The agency therefore must adjudicate Mugomoke's application in a reasonable amount of time. Kahn, 2009 WL 941574, at *8 (citing 5 U.S.C. § 555(b)).
a. First Factor: Rule of Reason
Addressing the first factor, defendants assert that the CAA, in giving the Secretary the authority to grant exceptions to § 1182(a)(3)(B), taken together with the USCIS's memoranda directing adjudicators to put a hold on adjustment applications, constitutes a rule of reason for the delay. Mot. at 17. Furthermore, defendants argue the delay is not arbitrary or the result of generic processing delays, but rather the result of the USCIS's decision to hold applications pending the exemption determination, and that this exemption process is naturally a deliberative and lengthy one. Id.
Specifically, defendants state that the exemption procedure requires "significant interagency consultation between the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Attorney General. This is a lengthy process and various factors—national security, humanitarian and foreign policy—must be weighed." Mot. at 17. Defendants do not explain how these concerns would be undermined by expediting an I-485 application. While the government does cite a number of examples of exemptions granted since 2006, these prior exemptions provide no indication as to when Mugomoke might be granted an exemption, if at all.
Defendants state that "from mid-2006 to December 2010, in fact, USCIS granted 13,334 exemptions in terrorism-related inadmissibility cases," and that "[b]etween June and December 2010, USCIS released over 3,400 cases from adjudicatory holds because the Secretary exercised a grant of her discretionary authority to exempt a terrorism-related inadmissibility ground." Def.'s Reply at 8. These figures do not assist the court's reasonableness analysis. While defendants have demonstrated that some groups and individuals receive exemptions, they provide no explanation of the circumstances surrounding that process and give no indication when or even if Mugomoke has any possibility of joining the numbers they cite. As for group exemptions, defendants name three Iraqi groups given an exemption on October 19, 2009. Id., Attach. 1, ECF No. 30-1. That wider foreign policy concerns influence the prioritization of exemption considerations seems reasonable, but does not confirm that the RPA will soon (or ever) become a priority on the exemption agenda.
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Defendants' national security arguments are not directly relevant to the issue in this case. Mugomoke stated his affiliation with the RPA in his asylum application, yet asylum was still granted. Regardless of the outcome of the I-485 adjudication, the government will still retain the power and ability to remove Mugomoke from the country should he pose a threat. The government does not argue that Mugomoke would lose his asylee status upon denial of his I-485 application. Mugomoke seeks a decision on his I-485 application without requesting a terrorism-related exemption; whether the agency itself considers exemption is within its discretion. But for defendants to hold the application indefinitely in case they might, at some unspecified point in the future, consider an exemption does not constitute a "rule of reason" that allows this court to find the delay reasonable.
A number of other district courts have found a long delay in adjudicating an I-485 application to be unreasonable. See Al Karim v. Holder, 2010 WL 1254840, at *4 (D. Colo. Mar. 29, 2010) (six-year delay unreasonable); Al-Rifahe, 776 F. Supp. 2d at 938 (thirteen-year delay unreasonable); Al Shamsawi v. Holder, 2011 WL 1870284, at *4 (six-year delay unreasonable). However, length of delay alone is not dispositive; the reasonableness determination is a fact-specific inquiry. Gelfter v. Chertoff, 2007 WL 90238, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 22, 2007). In Al Karim, the court based its unreasonableness finding in part on the FBI's unjustified delay in completing the plaintiff's background check. Al Karim, 2010 WL 1254840, at *3. In Al-Rifahe, the plaintiff's I-485 application was already over ten years old when the USCIS issued its memorandum instructing the adjudicators to withhold I-485 decisions for individuals who would be found inadmissible due to associations with Tier III organizations. Al-Rifahe, 776 F. Supp. 2d at 929-30. In that case, the plaintiff was informed that the Tier III group applicable to him, the Iraqi National Congress, was under consideration for an exemption. Id. at 938. The court emphasized that a dispute of material fact existed; thus the defendants were not entitled to summary judgment on the legal issues in question. Id. at 936.
In Al Shamsawi, the court held that a six-year delay in adjudicating an I-485 application, based on the same memorandum placing a hold on Mugomoke's application, had become indefinite. 2011 WL 1870284, at *2. As in Al Shamsawi, defendants here have made no showing that they might adjudicate Mugomoke's application at any particular time in the future.
b. Third & Fifth Factors: Human Health or Welfare And Prejudice
Regarding the third and fifth factors, defendants state that "[a]lthough Mr. Mugomoke alleges that the delay has caused him harm, that delay inures to his benefit," and that the application would be denied were it adjudicated now. Mot. at 18 (internal citations omitted). Defendants go on to state that "[a]s an asylee, he remained [sic] entitled to live and work in the United States and is safe from persecution in Rwanda." Id. (internal citations omitted). Defendants do not indicate that a denial of Mugomoke's application would result in his losing his current asylee status. Meanwhile, Mugomoke faces restrictions on travel, employment, and cannot accrue credit toward naturalization as he awaits a decision on his I-485 application; in light of these restrictions, defendants have not shown an absence of prejudice from the delay. In a number of similar cases, courts have rejected defendants' apparent concern for plaintiffs awaiting decisions on their I-485 applications. See Singh v. Still, 470 F. Supp. 2d 1064, 1069 (N.D. Cal. 2007) (finding that health and human welfare are at stake when delaying adjudication of an I-485 application); Al Karim, 2010 WL 1254840, at *4 (rejecting similar arguments and finding that the consequences of delayed adjudication of an I-485 application implicate the applicant's welfare); Kashkool v. Chertoff, 553 F. Supp. 2d 1131, 1145 (D. Ariz. 2008) (finding a six-year delay unreasonable and that delays in decisions on legal immigration status are detrimental to human welfare). The court presumes Mugomoke himself knows the potential consequences should his application be denied. The fact that he wishes to have the application adjudicated now also supports an inference that the harm of delay is not remote or insignificant. Defendants have not satisfied their burden regarding these factor.
c. Fourth Factor: Impact on Compelling Priorities
In addressing what effect expediting a decision for Mugomoke would have on agency activities of a higher or competing priority, defendants argue that "8 U.S.C. 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) bars jurisdiction to review adjustment of status determinations since they are committed to agency discretion"; thus, "requiring Defendants to expedite adjudication would intrude on agency discretion to determine adjustment applications." Mot. at 19 (internal citations omitted). The court has determined that the agency is lawfully required to adjudicate Mugomoke's application and that the APA allows the court to compel the agency to act should the agency fail to do so. If the only effect of expediting the application is the loss of an authority that the court has determined is ultra vires, this factor does not militate in defendants' favor.
e. Sixth Factor: Impropriety or Bad Faith
Moving to the last factor, Mugomoke does not allege any impropriety ad thus there is no factual dispute regarding the application of this factor. In any event, "the court need not find any impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude in order to hold that agency action is unreasonably delayed." 750 F.2d at 80.
f. Conclusion
The record before the court does not support a finding that the factors articulated in the TRAC case weigh in defendants' favor. The court is not persuaded by defendants' argument that delay inures to Mugomoke's benefit. The important policy considerations behind carefully examining exemptions are irrelevant to the determination of whether the delay is unreasonable, absent any showing in the record that the government might actually consider an exemption for Mugomoke. The record provides no support for finding that expediting the delayed action would have any effect on agency actions of a higher or competing priority, other than the unsupported argument that an order compelling the agency to act would intrude on agency discretion.
Mugomoke must bear the hardships associated with an indefinite delay that arises from the speculative possibility that defendants might consider exempting the RPA and thus perhaps, some day, might consider and maybe even approve his application. Although even a nearly seven-year delay on an I-485 application is not presumptively unreasonable, defendants have not shown that the delay here is not unreasonable.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that:
1. Defendants' motion to dismiss is DENIED; and
2. Defendant's motion for summary judgment is DENIED.
3. The parties are directed to file a status report within thirty days of the date of this order.
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE