Opinion
733 CAF 21-00672
12-23-2022
In the MATTER OF GINA R., Nasir-Jabar R., Juan R., Amalia M., and Jahmar M. Monroe County Department of Human Services, Petitioner-Respondent; v. Christina R., Respondent-Appellant.
KAMAN BERLOVE MARAFIOTI JACOBSTEIN & GOLDMAN, LLP, ROCHESTER (GARY MULDOON OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT-APPELLANT. JOHN P. BRINGEWATT, COUNTY ATTORNEY, ROCHESTER (AMANDA L. OREN OF COUNSEL), FOR PETITIONER-RESPONDENT. MARYBETH D. BARNET, MIDDLESEX, ATTORNEY FOR THE CHILDREN.
KAMAN BERLOVE MARAFIOTI JACOBSTEIN & GOLDMAN, LLP, ROCHESTER (GARY MULDOON OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT-APPELLANT.
JOHN P. BRINGEWATT, COUNTY ATTORNEY, ROCHESTER (AMANDA L. OREN OF COUNSEL), FOR PETITIONER-RESPONDENT.
MARYBETH D. BARNET, MIDDLESEX, ATTORNEY FOR THE CHILDREN.
PRESENT: PERADOTTO, J.P., LINDLEY, CURRAN, WINSLOW, AND BANNISTER, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER It is hereby ORDERED that the order so appealed from is unanimously modified on the law by vacating the finding that respondent neglected the subject children based on her repeated use of marihuana while caring for them and as modified the order is affirmed without costs, and the matter is remitted to Family Court, Monroe County, for further proceedings in accordance with the following memorandum: In this proceeding pursuant to Family Court Act article 10, respondent mother appeals from an order following a fact-finding hearing that, inter alia, determined that the mother neglected the subject children. As a preliminary matter, we exercise our discretion to treat the mother's notice of appeal from the order following the fact-finding hearing as a valid notice of appeal from the subsequently entered order of fact-finding and disposition (see CPLR 5520 [c] ; Matter of Ariana F.F. [Robert E.F.] , 202 A.D.3d 1440, 1441, 161 N.Y.S.3d 661 [4th Dept. 2022] ; Matter of Hunter K. [Robin K.] , 142 A.D.3d 1307, 1308, 38 N.Y.S.3d 322 [4th Dept. 2016] ). A neglected child is defined, in relevant part, as a child less than 18 years of age "whose physical, mental or emotional condition has been impaired or is in imminent danger of becoming impaired as a result of the failure of his [or her] parent ... to exercise a minimum degree of care ... in providing the child with proper supervision or guardianship, by unreasonably inflicting or allowing to be inflicted harm, or a substantial risk thereof ... or by any other acts of a similarly serious nature requiring the aid of the court" ( Family Ct Act § 1012 [f] [i] [B] ). "The statute thus imposes two requirements for a finding of neglect, which must be established by a preponderance of the evidence ... First, there must be proof of actual (or imminent danger of) physical, emotional or mental impairment to the child ... Second, any impairment, actual or imminent, must be a consequence of the parent's failure to exercise a minimum degree of parental care ... This is an objective test that asks whether a reasonable and prudent parent [would] have so acted, or failed to act, under the circumstances" ( Matter of Afton C. [James C.] , 17 N.Y.3d 1, 9, 926 N.Y.S.2d 365, 950 N.E.2d 101 [2011] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Matter of Olivia W. [Courtney W.] , 184 A.D.3d 1080, 1080-1081, 123 N.Y.S.3d 866 [4th Dept. 2020] ).
Here, we conclude that there is a sound and substantial basis in the record supporting Family Court's determination that petitioner met its burden of establishing that the youngest of the subject children was neglected (see generally Matter of Sean P. [Brandy P.] , 156 A.D.3d 1339, 1339-1340, 65 N.Y.S.3d 902 [4th Dept. 2017], lv denied 31 N.Y.3d 903, 2018 WL 1528127 [2018] ) by presenting evidence that the mother wrapped the infant to sleep, on more than one occasion, in loose blankets, despite repeated warnings that doing so created a substantial risk to the child (see Matter of Aerobella T. [Bartolomeo V.] , 170 A.D.3d 1453, 1455-1456, 96 N.Y.S.3d 738 [3d Dept. 2019] ; Matter of Evelyn EE. v. Ayesha FF. , 143 A.D.3d 1120, 1127-1128, 40 N.Y.S.3d 212 [3d Dept. 2016], lv denied 28 N.Y.3d 913, 2017 WL 524718 [2017] ).
We agree with the mother, however, that the court erred in applying Family Court Act § 1046 (a) former (iii) in determining that petitioner established a prima facie case that the subject children were neglected based solely on the mother's use of marihuana, without presenting evidence that the children's condition was impaired or at imminent risk of impairment (see Family Ct Act § 1046 [a] [iii] ; Matter of Mahkayla W. [Raheem W.] , 206 A.D.3d 599, 600, 170 N.Y.S.3d 551 [1st Dept. 2022] ; Matter of Saaphire A.W. [Lakesha B.] , 204 A.D.3d 488, 489, 166 N.Y.S.3d 627 [1st Dept. 2022] ), and we therefore modify the order by vacating that finding. "The Marihuana Regulation and Taxation Act (L 2021, ch 92) amended Family [Court] Act § 1046 (a) (iii), in pertinent part, by specifically foreclosing a prima facie neglect finding based solely upon the use of marihuana, while still allowing for consideration of the use of marihuana to establish neglect, provided ‘[that there is] a separate finding that the child's physical[,] mental or emotional condition was impaired or is in imminent danger of becoming impaired’ " ( Matter of Micah S. [Rogerio S.] , 206 A.D.3d 1086, 1090 n. 5, 169 N.Y.S.3d 195 [3d Dept. 2022] ). The amendment to section 1046 (a) (iii) went into effect on March 31, 2021 (see L 2021, ch 92), two days before the court rendered its decision in this case and, "[a]s a general matter, a case must be decided upon the law as it exists at the time of the decision" ( Rocky Point Drive-In, L.P. v. Town of Brookhaven , 21 N.Y.3d 729, 736, 977 N.Y.S.2d 719, 999 N.E.2d 1164 [2013] ; see Matter of Wendy B v. Ronald B , 53 A.D.2d 160, 162, 385 N.Y.S.2d 821 [3d Dept. 1976] ). Inasmuch as petitioner's presentation of evidence was based on the state of the law at the time of the hearing, however, petitioner may not have fully explored the issue of impairment. We therefore remit the matter to Family Court to reopen the fact-finding hearing on the issue whether the children's condition was impaired or at imminent risk of impairment as a result of the mother's use of marihuana (see generally Matter of Jessica R. , 78 N.Y.2d 1031, 1032-1033, 576 N.Y.S.2d 77, 581 N.E.2d 1332 [1991] ; Matter of Alfonzo H. [Cassie L.] , 77 A.D.3d 1410, 1411, 908 N.Y.S.2d 780 [4th Dept. 2010] ).
We have considered the mother's remaining contentions and conclude that none warrants further modification or reversal of the order.