Opinion
Civil Action No. 09–1051 (RWR).
2012-09-28
MODIS, INC., Plaintiff, v. INFOTRAN SYSTEMS, INC., et al., Defendants.
Charles F. B. McAleer Jr., Miller & Chevalier, Chartered, Washington, DC, Jeffrey P. Watson, Fowler White Boggs P.A., Jacksonville, FL, for Plaintiff. David Ludwig, Ellis L. Bennett, W. Clifton Holmes, Dunlap Weaver PLLC, Leesburg, VA, for Defendants.
Charles F. B. McAleer Jr., Miller & Chevalier, Chartered, Washington, DC, Jeffrey P. Watson, Fowler White Boggs P.A., Jacksonville, FL, for Plaintiff. David Ludwig, Ellis L. Bennett, W. Clifton Holmes, Dunlap Weaver PLLC, Leesburg, VA, for Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
RICHARD W. ROBERTS, District Judge.
Plaintiff Modis, Inc. brings this diversity action for damages and injunctive relief against defendants InfoTran Systems, Inc. and Tien H. Tran, alleging breach of contract. The defendants have filed a counterclaim alleging two counts of tortious interference with contractual or business relations. The parties have filed cross-motions for summary judgment on the defendants' counterclaim. The defendants have also moved to strike two of Modis's proposed expert witnesses offered to provide evidence solely regarding the counterclaim. Because the defendants' counterclaim pertains to mere competitive communications, the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment on the defendants' counterclaim will be granted, and the defendants' motion to strike will be denied as moot.
BACKGROUND
Modis is an information technology (“IT”) service provider that provides staffing for “complex IT challenges,” staffing for work on various computer systems and databases, and technical expertise. (Compl. ¶¶ 6, 10; Pl.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. on Defs.' Counterclaim (“Pl.'s Stmt.”) ¶ 1.) Modis contracted with Computer Science Corporation (“CSC”) to provide information technology support to CSC in connection with CSC's contract to perform work for the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”). (Compl. ¶ 6; Pl.'s Stmt. ¶ 3.) In 2006, Modis enlisted Tran as an independent contractor at CSC to support the information technology work that CSC was performing for the USCIS. Modis required Tran on behalf of his company, InfoTran, to sign an Independent Contractor Agreement (“the Agreement”) that restricted the use of confidential information and that contained a non-compete provision. Tran agreed to not solicit business or employment from any client of Modis, including CSC, or from any entity or person with whom Tran had personal contact or whom he met while providing services for CSC without the written consent of Modis “during the term of [the] Agreement and for a period of one (1) year thereafter[.]” (Compl. ¶¶ 12–13, 28–30.) The Agreement provided that if Tran or InfoTran breached the restrictive covenants, Modis would be entitled to seek injunctive relief as well as a fee equal to 125 percent of the fee that Modis would have earned if it had provided the services. ( Id. ¶ 31.)
The parties appear to have mistakenly used the word “Customs” rather than “Citizenship” in referring to this agency.
In 2008, Timothy Martin, the sales director for Modis' Government Services Group, talked to the defendants about structuring their relationship in a way that allowed the CSC to claim that it was increasing its spending on small business subcontractors. Martin purportedly said the defendants could enter a direct contractual relationship with CSC for the limited purpose of allowing Modis to provide IT personnel resource services to the defendants to place at CSC. (Pl.'s Stmt. ¶ 9.) The defendants claim that Martin, on behalf of Modis, waived the contractual provisions containing the bar on the defendants directly contracting with CSC and the non-compete restrictions; the plaintiffs dispute that contention. (Pl.'s Stmt. ¶ 8, 12.)
In the fall of 2008, Martin discovered from a CSC project manager that the defendants were going to place two employees directly with CSC, without Modis' participation, in positions for which Modis was actively submitting candidates for placement. Martin chose to talk to Tran about the placements instead of initiate litigation to enforce the Agreement. (Pl.'s Stmt. ¶¶ 14, 16.) However, in March of 2009, Martin discovered that Tran had contacted a prospective contractor whose resumé Martin had obtained and submitted to CSC to try to place him there. Tran tried to determine the prospective contractor's interest in being placed with CSC by the defendants, rather than by Modis. (Pl.'s Stmt. ¶ 19.) The plaintiffs sent a letter to Tran reminding him of the non-compete restrictions in the Agreement. (Pl.'s Stmt. ¶ 21.) In May of 2009, the defendants gave Modis a letter stating that they were terminating their relationship with Modis. (Compl. ¶ 34.)
Martin told CSC's program manager that the defendants had violated the Agreement with Modis and that Modis would potentially initiate litigation against the defendants. Martin asserts that he also asked the program managers to advise him how the dispute regarding CSC staffing could be resolved without resorting to litigation. (Pl.'s Stmt. ¶¶ 22–23.) Martin allegedly also tried to convince CSC to use a contractor provided by Modis instead of Tran. Martin informed CSC employees that Modis was about to take legal action against InfoTran, that InfoTran lacked the capacity to complete the project for CSC, and that Modis's resources were superior to InfoTran's resources. Thus, he asked CSC to remove InfoTran from the project. (Counterclaim and Third Party Compl. (“Counterclaim”) ¶¶ 69–81.)
In June 2009, Modis filed the one-count breach of contract complaint in this matter against both defendants, alleging that the defendants breached the contract and violated the non-compete restrictions by competing with Modis for placement opportunities with CSC. (Compl. ¶ 35.) After the lawsuit was filed, CSC refrained from using the defendants to staff projects, both to mitigate risk and because CSC did not need the defendants' services. (Pl.'s Stmt. ¶¶ 25–27.) CSC fully removed InfoTran from the project in November 2010. (Pl.'s Stmt. ¶ 30.) The defendants were granted leave to file a counterclaim and third party complaint alleging one claim of tortious interference with business or contractual relations against Modis (Count I), and one third-party claim of tortious interference with business or contractual relations against Martin (Count II). (Counterclaim ¶¶ 90–122.)
The parties have filed cross-motions for summary judgment on the defendants' counterclaim. In addition, the defendants have moved to strike Modis's designation two witnesses to offer expert testimony solely regarding the counterclaim.
The defendants have also moved for reconsideration of an oral order denying their motion for summary judgment on Modis' complaint. The reconsideration and amendment of a previous order is an unusual measure. Berg v. Obama, 656 F.Supp.2d 107, 108 (D.D.C.2009) (citing City of Moundridge v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 244 F.R.D. 10, 11–12 (D.D.C.2007)). “[I]n order to promote finality, predictability and economy of judicial resources, as a rule a court should be loathe to revisit its own prior decisions in the absence of extraordinary circumstances[.]” Marshall v. Honeywell Technology Solutions, Inc., 598 F.Supp.2d 57, 59 (D.D.C.2009). The defendants argue that the plaintiffs are estopped from raising their breach of contract claim because Modis consented to the defendants directly contracting with CSC. However, the defendants made this argument two times previously—in their motion for summary judgment on the complaint, and orally at the hearing where their motion was denied—and it was rejected, because there is a factual dispute as to whether Modis waived, or consented to the breach of, contractual provisions prohibiting the defendants from contracting with CSC. ( See Defs.' Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. on the Compl. at 11–13.) “ ‘[W]here litigants have once battled for the court's decision, they should [not be] ... permitted[ ] to battle for it again.’ ” Hoffman v. Dist. of Columbia, 681 F.Supp.2d 86, 90 (D.D.C.2010) (quoting Singh v. George Washington Univ., 383 F.Supp.2d 99, 101–102 (D.D.C.2005) (denying motion for reconsideration, and stating that “the Court considered the cases that the [defendant] now cites” and the “attempt to re-litigate this issue will not be countenanced”)). The defendants' motion will be denied.
DISCUSSION
“ ‘Summary judgment may be appropriately granted when the moving party demonstrates that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’ ” Pueschel v. Nat'l Air Traffic Controllers Ass'n, 772 F.Supp.2d 181, 183 (D.D.C.2011) (quoting Bonaccorsy v. Dist. of Columbia, 685 F.Supp.2d 18, 22 (D.D.C.2010) (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c))). “ ‘In considering a motion for summary judgment, [a court is to draw] all ‘justifiable inferences' from the evidence ... in favor of the nonmovant.’ ” Pueschel, 772 F.Supp.2d at 183 (quoting Cruz–Packer v. Dist. of Columbia, 539 F.Supp.2d 181, 189 (D.D.C.2008) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)); Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986)). “The relevant inquiry ‘is the threshold inquiry of determining whether there is a need for a trial—whether, in other words, there are any genuine factual issues that properly can be resolved only by a finder of fact because they may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party.’ ” Single Stick, Inc. v. Johanns, 601 F.Supp.2d 307, 312 (D.D.C.2009) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505) (rev'd on other grounds by Prime Time Int'l Co. v. Vilsack, 599 F.3d 678 (D.C.Cir.2010)). A genuine issue is present in a case where the “evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving party,” a situation wholly distinct from a case where the evidence is “so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
The defendants' counterclaim alleges two counts of tortious interference with contractual or business relations under District of Columbia law, based on Martin and Modis contacting CSC to inform CSC that Modis was taking legal action against the defendants for violating the Agreement. (Counterclaim ¶¶ 69–71, 82.) The torts of intentional interference with a contract, or intentional interference with business relations, have the following elements: (1) the existence of a valid contract, business relationship or expectancy; (2) knowledge of the contract, relationship or expectancy on the part of the interferer; (3) intentional interference inducing or causing a breach or termination of the relationship or expectancy; and (4) damage caused by the interference. Onyeoziri v. Spivok, 44 A.3d 279, 286 (D.C.2012) (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 766, and NCRIC Inc. v. Columbia Hosp. for Women, 957 A.2d 890, 900 (D.C.2008)); see also Brown v. Carr, 503 A.2d 1241, 1247 (D.C.1986) (stating that “[t]he tort of intentional interference with a prospective business advantage runs parallel to that for interference with existing contracts”). To establish a claim of improper interference with contract or business relations, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant engaged in conduct that is “egregious; for example, it must involve libel, slander, physical coercion, fraud, misrepresentation, or disparagement.” Sheppard v. Dickstein, Shapiro, Morin & Oshinsky, 59 F.Supp.2d 27, 34 (D.D.C.1999) (dismissing plaintiff's tortious interference claim where the plaintiff's complaint was “silent” as to any statements made by the defendants that constituted slander, libel, or knowing misrepresentations) (internal quotation omitted). The competitive activity that forms the basis of an improper interference claim must be accomplished “by wrongful or improper means, such as fraud.” Mercer Mgmt. Consulting v. Wilde, 920 F.Supp. 219, 239 (D.D.C.1996).
An interfering defendant may avoid liability by showing that its interference was not improper—in other words, not something beyond mere competitive activity. See Int'l City Mgmt. Ass'n Ret. Corp. v. Watkins, 726 F.Supp. 1, 6 (D.D.C.1989); see also Murray v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., 953 A.2d 308, 326 (D.C.2008) (stating that a defendant may avoid liability if it can establish that it engaged in the interfering conduct in order to protect an existing economic interest). “Lawful competition does not constitute unjustifiable interference.” Pampered Chef v. Alexanian, 804 F.Supp.2d 765, 807–808 (N.D.Ill.2011). “[T]he process known as competition, which though painful, fierce, frequently ruthless, sometimes Darwinian in its pitilessness, is the cornerstone of our highly successful economic system. Competition is not a tort.” Speakers of Sport, Inc. v. ProServ, Inc., 178 F.3d 862, 865 (7th Cir.1999). As is stated in the Second Restatement of Torts,
(1) One who intentionally causes a third person not to enter into a prospective contractual relation with another who is his competitor or not to continue an existing contract terminable at will does not interfere improperly with the other's relation if:
(a) the relation concerns a matter involved in the competition between the actor and the other and
(b) the actor does not employ wrongful means and
(c) his action does not create or continue an unlawful restraint of trade and
(d) his purpose is at least in part to advance his interest in competing with the other.
Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 768; see also Mardirosian v. American Institute of Architects, 474 F.Supp. 628, 650–51 (D.D.C.1979) (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 768 to demonstrate the existence of the competitor's privilege, stating that “the policy of the common law has always been in favor of free competition”); Mun. Revenue Serv., Inc. v. Xspand, Inc., 700 F.Supp.2d 692, 709 (M.D.Pa.2010) (stating that “[o]ne who intentionally causes a third person not to enter into a prospective contractual relation with another who is his competitor, or not to continue an existing contract terminable at will, does not interfere improperly with the other's relation”); Compak Cos., LLC v. Johnson, Civil Action No. 03–C–7427, 2011 WL 1654269, at *11–13 (N.D.Ill. Apr. 28, 2011) (entering judgment for the defendant on the plaintiff's tortious interference claim, where the defendant's actions, such as contacting the plaintiff's customers and persuading them to do business with the defendant's company instead of the plaintiff's by stating that the plaintiff would soon lack the ability to complete the customers' work, were shielded from liability by the competitor's privilege).
Here, the defendants have not shown that the communications complained of were anything more than competitive activity that cannot form the basis of a tortious interference claim. In addition to providing indirect, speculative evidence of the impressions that CSC employees had regarding Modis's reaction to InfoTran's behavior, the defendants provide four discrete statements relevant to their counterclaim that purportedly constituted the interference: two statements by Martin to CSC's Application Portfolio Manager—one, that Modis had character witnesses that would testify against defendant Tran, and another, that InfoTran had so severely violated the terms of the Agreement that Modis was going to try to remove InfoTran from the project; an angry telephone call from Martin to a CSC project manager to report that Martin and the defendants had reached an arrangement for the defendants to use Modis' resources for placement in CSC's Eagle program; and Martin's statement in an e-mail to a CSC operations director that defendant Tran had not lived up to his expectations or commitments. (Defs.' Opp'n, at 22–23, 28, Ex. P at 17; Defs.' Supp. Mem. at 3–9.)
The defendants have not shown that anything in Martin's communications was slander, libel, knowingly false, or even untrue. What Martin is free to allege in this breach of agreement lawsuit does not become defamation when repeated over the phone or in a message. Nor does a CSC project manager's perception that Martin was angry convert truth to falsehood or protected competition to unlawful behavior. While the defendants argue that stating that a competitor failed to live up to its expectations or commitments is not competitive communication, statements differentiating a competitor's prospective ability to complete a job by discussing that competitor's previous performance can be the very essence of protected competitive communication. Therefore, Modis's motion for summary judgment on the counterclaim will be granted.
Because judgment will be entered against the defendants' counterclaim, the defendants' motions to strike the plaintiff's expert witnesses whose testimony would have pertained to the counterclaim will be denied as moot.
CONCLUSION AND ORDER
No genuine factual issues exist for a jury's resolution, assuming the truth of the defendants' factual allegations. The communications that form the basis of the defendants' counterclaims for tortious interference do not rise above the level of protective competitive communication. Therefore, it is hereby
ORDERED that the defendants' motions [54, 87] for partial summary judgment on their counterclaim be, and hereby are, DENIED, and the plaintiff's motion [58] for judgment on the defendants' counterclaim be, and hereby is, GRANTED. Judgment is entered against the defendants on their counterclaim. It is further
ORDERED that the defendants' motions [47, 77] to strike the plaintiff's expert witnesses and motion [84] to strike the plaintiff's reply brief, and the plaintiff's motion [79] to file a surreply and motion [94] to strike the defendants' supplemental brief be, and hereby are, DENIED as moot. It is further
ORDERED that the defendants' motion [91] for reconsideration be, and hereby is, DENIED.