Summary
concluding that term "violent or dangerous" is not unconstitutionally vague because it requires a determination of whether a particular crime is "violent or dangerous" based on the facts of the case
Summary of this case from Peulic v. GarlandOpinion
No. 19-70433
12-07-2020
EDUIN RENE MIRAMONTES, Petitioner, v. WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General, Respondent.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
Agency No. A095-681-973 MEMORANDUM On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals Submitted November 20, 2020 San Francisco, California Before: NGUYEN, HURWITZ, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
Eduin Rene Miramontes-Hernandez, a native and citizen of Mexico, applied for adjustment of status under 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a) and a waiver of inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h). The Immigration Judge ("IJ") denied both applications, and the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") dismissed Miramontes- Hernandez's subsequent appeal. Miramontes-Hernandez now petitions for review. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the petition.
1. Miramontes-Hernandez argues that the immigration court lacked jurisdiction over his removal proceedings because his Notice to Appear ("NTA") failed to designate the court where the NTA would be filed, in violation of 8 C.F.R. §§ 1003.14(a) and 1003.15(b)(6). This argument is foreclosed by Aguilar Fermin v. Barr, which held that such a failure does not strip the immigration court of jurisdiction if a subsequent hearing notice provides the missing information. 958 F.3d 887, 894-95, 895 n.4 (9th Cir. 2020). Here, although the original NTA did not designate the immigration court, this error was cured by subsequent hearing notices.
2. Miramontes-Hernandez next argues that the BIA violated its duty of impartiality in Matter of Bermudez-Cota, 27 I. & N. Dec. 441 (BIA 2018), when it held that the immigration court could remedy a NTA that lacked information required by regulation. This argument is foreclosed by Karingithi v. Whitaker, 913 F.3d 1158 (9th Cir. 2019). In Karingithi, we found that Bermudez-Cota "reflect[ed] the agency's fair and considered judgment." 913 F.3d at 1161 (quoting Lezama-Garcia v. Holder, 666 F.3d 518, 525 (9th Cir. 2011)).
3. Finally, Miramontes-Hernandez argues that the phrase "violent or dangerous crimes" in 8 C.F.R. § 1212.7(d) is unconstitutionally vague under Sessions v. Dimaya, 138 S. Ct. 1204 (2018). But Dimaya's reasoning does not apply to § 1212.7(d).
Dimaya held that 18 U.S.C. § 16(b) was unconstitutionally vague. 138 S. Ct. at 1216. Section 16(b) defines a "crime of violence" as "any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense." 18 U.S.C. § 16(b) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court held that two features of §16(b) combined to create "'hopeless indeterminacy,' inconsistent with due process." Dimaya, 138 S. Ct. at 1213 (quoting Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. 591, 598 (2015)). First, the clause "calls for a court to identify a crime's 'ordinary case' in order to measure the crime's risk." Id. at 1215. This "ordinary case," according to the Court, is "an excessively 'speculative,' essentially inscrutable thing." Id. (quoting Johnson, 576 U.S. at 597). Second, the "substantial risk" standard was uncertain. Id. Importantly, the uncertainty of the "substantial risk" standard alone did not make § 16(b) vague. Id. Rather, "[t]he difficulty comes . . . from applying such a standard to . . . 'an idealized ordinary case of the crime.' It is then that the standard ceases to work in a way consistent with due process." Id. at 1215-16 (quoting Johnson, 576 U.S. at 604).
The Immigration and Nationality Act incorporates 18 U.S.C. § 16(b) into its aggravated felony deportability ground at 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43) (defining aggravated felonies and including crime of violence at § 1101(a)(43)(F)).
Rather than identifying an "ordinary case," section 1212.7(d) requires a determination of whether a particular crime is "violent or dangerous" based on the facts of the case. See Torres-Valdivias v. Lynch, 786 F.3d 1147, 1151-52 (9th Cir. 2015). This difference is determinative because, as explained in Dimaya, we "'do not doubt' the constitutionality of applying § 16(b)'s 'substantial risk [standard] to real-world conduct.'" 138 S. Ct. at 1215 (alteration in original) (quoting Johnson, 576 U.S. at 604-05). Section 1212.7(d) is therefore not unconstitutionally vague. See Guerrero v. Whitaker, 908 F.3d 541, 545 (9th Cir. 2018) (holding that "particularly serious crime" within the meaning of 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii) was not unconstitutionally vague because the inquiry "applies only to real-world facts" so "the fatal combination at issue in . . . Dimaya is absent").
PETITION DENIED.