Opinion
No. 68-189
Decided December 24, 1968.
Negligence — Railroad — Brakeman, falling in railroad yard — Debris on ground in unlighted area — Law applicable in state court action — Evidence — Cross-examination of railroad employee — Section 2317.52, Revised Code — Jury question presented, when.
1. State procedural law and federal substantive law govern the disposition of actions brought in state courts pursuant to the provisions of the Federal Employer's Liability Act (Section 51 et seq., Title 45, U.S. Code).
2. In an action predicated on negligence, it is not an abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court to disallow "examination as if under cross-examination," as those words are used in Section 2317.52, Revised Code, of an adverse party's employee, absent a showing that the employee played some active part in the alleged negligent conduct of the party for whom he acted. (Section 2317.52, Revised Code, discussed and applied.)
3. In an action brought in a state court under the provisions of the Federal Employer's Liability Act, where plaintiff is seeking damages for injuries sustained in a fall, and where there is proof that could reasonably support a conclusion that the defendant was negligent in failing to provide adequate lighting at the place where the plaintiff was injured and that the defendant was also negligent in allowing coal and other debris to collect in the vicinity where the plaintiff was injured and that the negligence of the defendant contributed to some degree in causing plaintiff's fall, the case is one that should be submitted to the jury for determination. ( Rogers v. Missouri Pacific Rd. Co., 352 U.S. 500, followed.)
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Hamilton County.
This is an action brought pursuant to the provisions of the Federal Employer's Liability Act (Section 51 et seq., Title 45, U.S. Code) by Marion Max Mills, plaintiff, against the New York Central Railroad Company (now The Pennsylvania New York Central Transportation Company), defendant, in the Court of Common Pleas of Hamilton County.
In his petition plaintiff alleges, inter alia, that:
"On March 7, 1963, plaintiff was * * * employed as a railroad brakeman in defendant's crew assigned to operate one of the defendant's freight trains from defendant's Sharon Yard in Hamilton County, Ohio, to Bellefontaine, Ohio. In the course of said employment plaintiff was assisting said crew in moving one of defendant's locomotives from defendant's roundhouse to Sharon Yard where said locomotive was to be coupled to the train. At approximately 6:15 a. m. on said date in darkness said locomotive was backing in a westward direction over defendant's eastbound main track in said yard, and at the inside crossover switch plaintiff in the course of his duties stepped from said moving locomotive in order to line the switch. As he stepped off said locomotive, his foot came onto a lump of coal and he was thereby caused to twist and fall to the ground, suffering injuries * * *.
"The defendant negligently failed to furnish plaintiff a reasonably safe place to work; negligently failed to maintain the ground and area in the vicinity of said switch in a reasonably safe condition; and negligently failed to furnish adequate lighting in the said working area."
It is alleged further that the defendant's negligence "caused or contributed to cause" plaintiff's injuries, and that plaintiff's injuries are both disabling and permanent.
All of the foregoing allegations being denied by defendant in its answer, the cause proceeded to trial before judge and jury on May 16, 1967. Plaintiff's proof consisted entirely of the testimony of himself, three crewmen who were working with him on the morning he was injured, three physicians who treated him subsequent to the time of injury and several exhibits, including the lump of coal upon which plaintiff allegedly stepped.
At the close of plaintiff's evidence, a motion was made by the defendant to withdraw the case from the consideration of the jury, or, alternatively, to direct a verdict in favor of the defendant. This motion was treated by the court as a demurrer to the evidence and sustained. Judgment was entered in favor of defendant.
An appeal on questions of law to the Court of Appeals for Hamilton County resulted in an affirmance, without written opinion, of the judgment below.
The cause is before this court pursuant to the allowance of a motion to certify the record.
Messrs. Tyler, Richards Grieser, Mr. Robert C. Tyler and Mr. C. Richard Grieser, for appellant.
Mr. Roy W. Short and Mr. Edward J. Utz, for appellee.
This case must be decided in light of the United States Supreme Court cases interpreting the Federal Employer's Liability Act. Those cases most heavily relied upon by appellant may be summarized as follows:
In Rogers v. Missouri Pacific Rd. Co., 352 U.S. 500, the petitioner was working burning weeds that had grown up beside the railroad tracks. When a train came by, petitioner moved to a position near a culvert to look for hotboxes, as he had been instructed to do by his foreman. The passing train fanned flames from the burning weeds so that they enveloped petitioner, causing him to retreat to the top of the culvert from which he fell.
In a subsequent action for injuries, petitioner received a favorable jury verdict in the trial court. The Supreme Court of Missouri reversed, finding as a matter of law that petitioner's injuries were his own fault.
The United States Supreme Court reversed and reinstated the jury verdict, saying, at pages 506 to 509 in the opinion:
"Under this statute [F.E.L.A.] the test of a jury case is simply whether the proofs justify with reason the conclusion that employer negligence played any part, even the slightest, in producing the injury or death for which damages are sought. * * *
"The law [F.E.L.A.] was enacted because the Congress was dissatisfied with the common-law duty of the master to his servant. The statute supplants that duty with the far more drastic duty of paying damages for injury or death at work due in whole or in part to the employer's negligence. The employer is stripped of his common-law defenses and for practical purposes the inquiry in these cases today rarely presents more than the single question whether negligence of the employer played any part, however small, in the injury or death which is the subject of the suit. The burden of the employee is met, and the obligation of the employer to pay damages arises, when there is proof, even though entirely circumstantial, from which the jury may with reason make that inference.
"* * * Originally, judicial administration of the 1908 Act substantially limited the cases in which employees were allowed a jury determination. That was because the courts developed concepts of assumption of risk and of the coverage of the law, which defeated employee claims as a matter of law. Congress corrected this by the 1939 amendments and removed the fetters which hobbled the full play of the basic congressional intention to leave to the fact-finding function of the jury the decision of the primary question raised in these cases — whether employer fault played any part in the employee's mishap.
"* * * Some say the Act has shortcomings and would prefer a workman's compensation scheme. The fact that Congress has not seen fit to substitute that scheme cannot relieve this court of its obligation to effectuate the present congressional intention by granting certiorari to correct instances of improper administration of the Act and to prevent its erosion by narrow and niggardly construction. * * *"
In Gallick v. Baltimore and Ohio Rd. Co., 372 U.S. 108, the plaintiff was bitten by an unidentified insect near a stagnant pond located on railroad right of way. The bite became infected. The infection spread throughout plaintiff's body. As a result of the infection, both of plaintiff's legs were amputated.
In an action for injuries, a jury verdict was rendered for plaintiff. Upon appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed (173 N.E.2d 382), reasoning that (at page 388):
"As we view the record before us, we have a chain of possibilities that the negligence of the defendant might have shared in subjecting the plaintiff to damage and injury, but the proof of a legal causal conection between the negligence and the damage falls short of that required for the consideration of a jury.
"Whether the insect causing the damage had any connection with the pool of stagnant water on the defendant's premises, or whether it came from the nearby putrid mouth of the Cuyahoga River, or from weeds, or unsanitary places situated on property not owned or controlled by the railroad, presents only a series of guesses and speculations, which speculations make a chain of causation too tenuous to support a conclusion of liability on the part of the railroad."
This court dismissed an appeal as of right and overruled a motion to certify the record. ( 172 Ohio St. 488.)
The United States Supreme Court reversed, saying, at page 113 in the opinion:
"* * * The only question was whether or not the insect was from or had been attracted by the pool. We hold that the record shows sufficient evidence to warrant the jury's conclusion that petitioner's injuries were caused by the acts or omissions of respondent."
In Webb v. Illinois Central Rd. Co., 352 U.S. 512, the petitioner, while working as a brakeman, injured his kneecap in a fall on a cinder roadbed. He slipped on an unnoticed and partially covered cinder "about the size of his fist" embedded in the level but soft roadbed.
Petitioner sued in the federal District Court and recovered a jury verdict for damages. The federal Court of Appeals reversed, but was, in turn, reversed by the United States Supreme Court.
It was conceded by the railroad that the clinker represented a hazardous condition. The only question remaining was whether the evidence raised a jury question of the railroad's negligence in causing or permitting the clinker to be there. The United States Supreme Court said that it did, on the basis that the evidence showed that three weeks before petitioner's fall the railroad had elevated the track at the spot of the fall, using clinkers as ballast, and had failed to screen out any large clinkers that might be in the ballast.
In Brown v. Western Ry. of Alabama, 338 U.S. 294, the state of Georgia had a special rule of practice to construe pleading allegations "most strongly against the pleader." Following this rule, the Georgia trial court sustained a demurrer (dispositive, on the merits) to a petition which alleged that petitioner had fallen on a large clinker in one of respondent's railway yards and that respondent railroad's negligence consisted of "leaving clinkers * * * and other debris along the side of [the] track in its yards * * * well knowing that said yards in such condition were dangerous for use by brakemen, working therein * * *." The Court of Appeals affirmed and the Supreme Court of Georgia denied certiorari.
The United States Supreme Court allowed certiorari and reversed the Georgia appellate court, holding that (a) a state rule of procedure cannot bar an F.E.L.A. action and (b) the petition stated a cause of action.
In McBride v. Toledo Terminal Rd. Co., 354 U.S. 517, the plaintiff had slipped while descending an icy ladder on the side of a box car at night in one of defendant's railroad yards. The jury returned a verdict for plaintiff, and special interrogatories disclosed that the only respect in which the defendant was negligent was in its failure to provide adequate lighting in the area in which plaintiff had been working at the time of the injury. The trial court rendered judgment for defendant, non obstante veredicto, and sustained conditionally defendant's motion for a new trial should there be a reversal upon appeal.
The Court of Appeals reversed the judgment of the trial court and remanded the cause for a retrial, but this court allowed a motion to certify the record and reversed (six judges concurring and one judge abstaining) the judgment of the Court of Appeals, reinstating the judgment of the trial court ( 166 Ohio St. 129).
The United States Supreme Court, in turn, reversed this court in a one sentence per curiam opinion, citing Rogers v. Missouri Pacific Rd. Co., supra ( 352 U.S. 500), as authority.
In Harris v. Pennsylvania Rd. Co., 361 U.S. 15, the plaintiff had slipped while working, in the mud, on the retracking of a derailed box car on a rainy day. No one other than plaintiff witnessed the accident.
In his subsequent F.E.L.A. action against the defendant railroad plaintiff testified that the defendant was negligent in that it failed to provide him with a safe place to work in that the crosstie, upon which he placed one foot while moving a heavy timber and from which he slipped, was elevated five inches above the railway roadbed and had grease on it. Plaintiff testified only as to finding grease on his shoe — not on the crosstie. He testified that he never looked to see if there was grease on the crosstie.
The trial court allowed the case to go to the jury, which awarded plaintiff a substantial verdict. Judgment for the plaintiff having been entered upon the verdict, an appeal was prosecuted by defendant. After affirmance by a divided Court of Appeals came the allowance of a motion to certify the record and a unanimous reversal by this court. ( 168 Ohio St. 582.)
The United States Supreme Court, in a per curiam opinion, reversed this court, again citing Rogers v. Missouri Pacific Rd. Co., supra ( 352 U.S. 500).
These cases demonstrate how strictly the rule of the Rogers case (that any employer negligence, however slight, which contributes to cause the injury is actionable) is to be applied in all F.E.L.A. cases.
We have held that the use of the words, "in the slightest degree," or the phrase, "in any degree," in connection with contributory negligence in a charge to the jury in an action under state substantive law constitutes reversible error. See Bahm v. Pittsburgh Lake Erie Rd. Co., 6 Ohio St.2d 192.
In the instant case, the plaintiff alleges (and there is evidence in the record to support) two bases for railroad negligence:
(1) There was inadequate lighting at the place of the injury, creating a hazardous situation.
(2) There was coal and other debris lying around the immediate vicinity where plaintiff was working.
This case, in light of the United States Supreme Court cases interpreting the Federal Employer's Liability Act, should have been allowed to go to the jury, and accordingly we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals.
We do this reluctantly, and invite the United States Supreme Court to consider how closely the strict application of the rule of the Rogers case approaches a scheme of workman's compensation, substituting the jury in place of a board of experts and allowing an open-end award in lieu of a fixed statutory amount. The amount of damages awarded by juries in F.E.L.A. actions often appears exorbitant when compared to the slight degree of employer negligence which contributed to cause the employee's injury. We believe that it would be appropriate for the United States Supreme Court to carefully review its former decisions, in light of the fact that the rule of the Rogers case, as it has been applied, imposes legal responsibilities on railroad employers that the Congress of the United States never intended.
The jury awards in the cases discussed were as follows: Rogers, $40,000; Gallick, $625,000; Webb, $15,000; McBride, $51,000 and Harris, $25,000.
Since this cause may be retried, we need to deal with the question raised by appellant as to the propriety of the trial court's having disallowed counsel for appellant the privilege of examining, as if upon cross-examination, two fellow members of the crew of which plaintiff was a part on the date of his injury. Plaintiff's counsel sought this right under Section 2317.52, Revised Code, which in pertinent part reads:
" When the action or proceeding relates to a transaction or occurrence in which it has been shown or it is admitted that the adverse party acted either in whole or in part through an agent or employee, such agent or employee of the adverse party may be called as a witness and examined as if under cross-examination upon any matters at issue between the parties which are shown or admitted to have been within the scope of such agent's or employee's authority or employment." (Emphasis added.)
The trial court specifically asked counsel for plaintiff whether there was any negligent conduct being claimed by plaintiff on the part of the crew members who plaintiff's counsel sought to cross-examine. It was only after a denial of any claim of negligence on the part of those crew members was elicited from plaintiff's counsel that the trial court disallowed interrogation as if under cross-examination. We agree with the trial court's interpretation of Section 2317.52, Revised Code, as allowing cross-examination, only of those agents or employees through whom the adverse party acted, and as to whom some negligence is claimed. That is, we believe that the agent or employee of the adverse party had to play some active part in the alleged negligent conduct of the party for whom he acted in order for that agent or employee to be subjected to "examination as if under cross-examination," as provided for by Section 2317.52, Revised Code. Accordingly, we find no error by the trial court in this matter.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed and the cause is remanded to the Court of Common Pleas for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Judgment reversed.
O'NEILL, TROOP and BROWN, JJ., concur.
HERBERT, J., concurs in the syllabus and in the judgment.
TAFT, C.J., and ZIMMERMAN, J., concur in paragraphs one and two of the syllabus, but dissent from the judgment.
TROOP, J., of the Tenth Appellate District, sitting for SCHNEIDER, J.