Opinion
No. 699
Decided December 8, 1951.
Negligence — Motor vehicles — Pedestrian, crossing street, struck by automobile — Assured-clear-distance-ahead rule not applicable, when — Refusal to charge thereon not error — Assured clear distance lessened without motorist's fault — Contributory neggligence — Duty to charge thereon where not pleaded — Special verdict — Purpose of — Special finding not against weight of evidence, when — Claimed error in giving superfluous instructions — Duty to identify them and show prejudice.
1. In an action predicated on claimed negligence of the defendant, in which contributory negligence is not pleaded, and in which the evidence raises the issue of negligence on plaintiff's part, it is the duty of the court to charge the jury on contributory negligence.
2. Where a motorist's assured clear distance ahead is suddenly cut down or lessened without fault on his part by the entrance within such assured clear distance and into such motorist's line of travel of some obstruction with which such motorist, in the exercise of ordinary care, is unable to avoid colliding, the assured-clear-distance-ahead rule is without application.
3. In an action predicated on the claimed negligence of a motorist, it is not error for the court to refuse to charge on the assured-clear-distance-ahead rule where it is disclosed that such motorist's assured clear distance ahead was suddenly lessened, without his fault, by the entrance within such assured clear distance and into such motorist's line of travel of a pedestrian who passed in front of a stopped automobile which such motorist was passing, and where there is no evidence to show that the pedestrian entered the motorist's line of travel a sufficient distance ahead to permit him, in the exercise of ordinary care, to stop his vehicle prior to colliding with such pedestrian.
4. The office of a special verdict is to find sufficient ultimate facts to enable the court, unaided by the evidence, to apply the law thereto and render judgment, and a special verdict containing some conclusions of law is not thereby invalidated where the ultimate facts found are sufficient to support the judgment rendered.
5. A special finding by the jury that a person struck by an automobile while crossing a street was not crossing on a marked crosswalk is not against the weight of the evidence where there is no evidence of a marked or defined crosswalk at the place the accident occurred and no evidence that such person was within a crosswalk as defined by Section 6307-2, General Code.
6. Where a party to an action claims as error that superfluous instructions were given to the jury, it is such party's duty to identify such superfluous instructions and to show that he was prejudiced thereby.
APPEAL: Court of Appeals for Columbiana county.
Mr. Harry Brokaw, for appellant.
Messrs. Brookes, Lynch McDonald, for appellee.
Plaintiff appealed to this court on questions of law from a judgment of the Court of Common Pleas entered upon a special jury verdict returned for defendant in plaintiff's action against him to recover damages for personal injuries.
The evidence discloses that during daylight, about 4:30 or 5 o'clock, on the afternoon of December 31, 1949, plaintiff, aged 69 years, was crossing from the easterly to the westerly side of Eighth street (Ohio state route 7), an improved, duly dedicated public highway of the city of East Liverpool and state of Ohio, approximately where Division street leads off therefrom to the north, when she was struck by an automobile operated by defendant in an easterly direction thereon at a speed estimated by various witnesses between 15 and 25 miles per hour.
Plaintiff testified that before attempting to cross Eighth street where, the evidence discloses and the jury found, she had an unobstructed view to the west of 555.7 feet to a traffic light, she looked in both directions thereon, and there was no traffic approaching from either direction; that at that time her bodily movements were normal and unrestricted; and that as she started across Eighth street she was hurrying.
Defendant testified that as he traveled the 555.7 feet distance from the westerly traffic light, where he had stopped, to the point where plaintiff was struck, where there was a traffic light not in operation, he was following another automobile; that that automobile veered right toward the south curb and stopped, as if to park; that as he drove around it he observed plaintiff immediately in front of the stopped automobile, and rushing directly into the path of travel of his automobile; that he "pulled" his automobile to the left or north side of Eighth street to avoid striking plaintiff, but as westbound traffic was approaching he was forced to operate his automobile to the right or south side of Eighth street, and at that moment plaintiff ran into the side of his automobile, slightly indenting the rear of the right front fender.
Plaintiff contends that the trial judge charged erroneously on plaintiff's contributory negligence, since contributory negligence was not raised by the pleadings nor shown by plaintiff's evidence.
Apparently plaintiff's contention on this question is, as counsel for defendant states by brief: "In other words, plaintiff urges that if she can so control her evidence that no evidence of negligence on her part be permitted to there appear, then the rules of the game forbid the jury to consider the defendant's evidence of plaintiff's negligence, no matter how devastating such evidence may be." Defendant contends "plaintiff's evidence certainly did raise a presumption of her negligence."
Defendant's contention is supported by the case of Detroit, Toledo Ironton Rd. Co. v. Rohrs, 114 Ohio St. 493, 502, 151 N.E. 714, where it is said:
"When he says he did look, and the conditions establish the fact that any one who looked would have seen, then, if he says he did not see, his own evidence establishes the fact that he did not look, though he may think he did."
Further, the Supreme Court has held:
"* * * the burden of proof rests upon the plaintiff; and if upon the entire case the plaintiff's proof upon the issue of defendant's negligence is fully balanced or left in equipoise obviously a preponderance cannot exist." Bradley v. Cleveland Ry. Co., 112 Ohio St. 35, 40, 146 N.E. 805.
Clearly, "if contributory negligence is not made an issue by the pleadings, but is developed by the evidence, it becomes the duty of the court to charge the jury in respect to that issue." Bradley v. Cleveland Ry. Co., supra.
In our opinion, plaintiff's evidence was such as to warrant the trial judge charging on the issue of contributory negligence.
Next, plaintiff contends that the trial judge erred to her prejudice by not charging on the issue of defendant's assured clear distance ahead as he approached the place where plaintiff was struck.
In the case of Smiley v. Arrow Spring Bed Co., 138 Ohio St. 81, 33 N.E.2d 3, 133 A. L. R., 960, the controlling case on the question of assured clear distance ahead, the Supreme Court said that the general statute is not applicable if defendant's "assured clear distance ahead is suddenly cut down or lessened, without his fault, by the entrance within such clear distance ahead and into his path or line of travel of some obstruction which renders him unable, in the exercise of ordinary care, to avoid colliding therewith."
In the more recent case of Erdman v. Mestrovich, 155 Ohio St. 85, 97 N.E.2d 674, the Supreme Court said:
"Where a pedestrian crossing a street intersection enters the path or lane of travel of a motor vehicle approaching the intersection at a right angle to the path of the pedestrian and the pedestrian by his act enters suddenly the vehicle operator's assured clear distance ahead, at a point less distant than the forward limit thereof, and is struck by the vehicle, a charge to the jury in a personal injury action by the pedestrian against the operator predicated on a violation of the assured-clear-distance-ahead rule should not be given, unless there is evidence tending to show that the pedestrian came into the operator's assured clear distance ahead at a point sufficiently distant ahead of the motor vehicle as to have permitted the operator, in the exercise of ordinary care, to have stopped his motor vehicle before striking the pedestrian."
In our opinion, the evidence in the case we review justified the trial judge refusing to charge the jury on the issue of defendant's assured clear distance ahead.
In response to defendant's request for a special verdict, the trial judge, erroneously plaintiff claims, submitted a list of 53 questions prepared by him, constituting a special verdict, to the jury as part of his charge, which will be disposed of hereinafter, among which was question number 24, affirmatively answered by the jury, inquiring as to whether defendant was not crossing Eighth street on a marked crosswalk.
"`Crosswalk.' (a) That part of a roadway at an intersection included within the connections of the latteral lines of the sidewalks on opposite sides of the highway measured from the curbs, or in the absence of curbs from the edges of the traversable roadway." Section 6307-2, General Code.
As to whether and how plaintiff crossed Eighth street, on direct examination plaintiff said she crossed it from "that telephone pole there, I stopped right there, and that is where I started across to go straight across to this hill. * * * I was going from this pole to that like I was going from this pole here to that pole there." On cross-examination, she testified that she started across Eighth street, "on the upper side" (westerly) of the pole.
There is no evidence of a marked crosswalk where plaintiff was struck. The evidence is such that the jury well could have found, without returning a verdict against the manifest weight of the evidence, that the pole to which plaintiff refers in her testimony was not within the extension of the theoretical crosswalk with westerly property line of Division street. There is no evidence that at any time in her journey from the easterly side of Eighth street to the place thereon where she was struck that plaintiff was within such theoretical crosswalk.
The verdict of the jury on this issue of the case we review was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
In the interest of accuracy, we quote from the brief of plaintiff's counsel his contention with reference to the submission, by the trial judge, to the jury of "a list of 53 questions covering almost every phase of both law and fact," prepared by the trial judge, to which plaintiff's counsel objected, "mainly because they were a mixture of law and fact and because we [the] court made the questions themselves a part of his charge. As we understand it, a special verdict is founded on questions or issues of fact only. The object of a special verdict is to separate law and fact. The one for the jury, the other for the court. Here the questions of law and fact were thoroughly mixed."
The office of a special verdict is to find sufficient ultimate facts to enable the court, unaided by the evidence, to apply the appropriate law thereto and render judgment.
"* * * if as a matter of fact the special verdict states essential facts apart from the conclusions of law, upon which a judgment may be founded," a special verdict "which contains some conclusions of law is" not "thereby invalidated." Noseda v. Delmul, 123 Ohio St. 647, 651, 176 N.E. 571, 76 A. L. R., 1133.
"The jury are the exclusive judges of the facts, but they should be required to return as their conclusions from the evidence the ultimate facts in the case and not a recital of the evidence. However, the inclusion of evidence supporting facts found in a special verdict will not render it defective if ultimate facts are found which warrant a judgment. Nor are conclusions of law proper in a special verdict, and they must be disregarded just as are evidentiary matters. They do not destroy the effect of ultimate facts found, and if those are sufficient to sustain a judgment the special verdict should stand." Dowd-Feder Co. v. Schreyer, 124 Ohio St. 504, 515, 179 N.E. 411.
The jury answered affirmatively question 16: "Was the defendant driving his automobile with that degree of care which a person of ordinary prudence would have exercised under the same or similar circumstances?" Obviously the jury did not answer question 17: "If your answer to the last question was no, then state in what manner the defendant failed to use ordinary care?"
Defendant contends "these two questions, and the response of the jury to them, were dispositive of the case."
"The burden of proof was upon the plaintiff here to establish the material allegations of the petition." Noseda v. Delmul, 123 Ohio St. 647 at 653.
The jury found that plaintiff had not sustained her burden, and with that finding we can not interfere.
We concur in defendant's contention that the jury's answers to question 16 disposed of plaintiff's cause of action, and were it not for the fact that a statutory duty is imposed upon this court we would not have disposed of plaintiff's assigned grounds of error as we have done.
In our opinion, the charge of the trial judge reveals no superfluous instructions to the jury. However, if it did, it was plaintiff's duty to identify any such superfluous instruction and to show she was prejudiced thereby, which she has failed to do.
The judgment of the Court of Common Pleas must be, and hereby is, affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
NICHOLS, P. J., and GRIFFITH, J., concur.