Summary
In Miles, the claimant had suffered a work-related injury and was performing favored work as a clerk at the time of his nondisability retirement.
Summary of this case from Campbell v. General Motors Corp.Opinion
Docket No. 150907.
Submitted August 4, 1993, at Grand Rapids.
Decided October 5, 1993, at 9:05 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
DuBois, Westerman Cooper (by Robert T. Westerman and Robert W. Grzech), for Charles Miles.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Caleb B. Martin, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, for the Second Injury Fund.
Before: FITZGERALD, P.J., and TAYLOR and CONNOR, JJ.
By leave granted, the Second Injury Fund appeals a March 6, 1992, opinion and order of the Workers' Compensation Appellate Commission, one member dissenting, reversing the decision of a magistrate and declaring that § 373 of the Workers Disability Compensation Act, MCL 418.373; MSA 17.237(373), (the retiree presumption) is not applicable to plaintiff. The commission correlatively affirmed the magistrate's determination that plaintiff suffered a disabling, single-event injury on September 9, 1985.
On that date, plaintiff, who was "on call" for the hospital, was summoned back to work by his employer. He was putting on his shoes when he felt overwhelming pain in his back. He thereafter was never able to return to his regular employment, which involved heavy lifting.
In 1986, plaintiff accepted an offer of favored work, a clerical position that entailed six hours of work a day, five days a week. He continued the favored work until June 1, 1987, three days after his sixty-second birthday, when he retired. Plaintiff then began receiving social security nondisability retirement benefits, for which he had begun the application process three months earlier.
The commission held § 373 inapposite because it concluded that plaintiff had not left "active employment," reasoning that plaintiff was not performing his customary work, but favored work, at the time he retired. The commission also adopted plaintiff's testimony that, on the date he retired, his back pain had become so severe that he could not continue even his clerical duties. Thus, the commission concluded that plaintiff was disabled even from favored work on the date of retirement.
The Second Injury Fund presents the following issues for review:
I. Did the WCAC err in holding that plaintiff's favored employment was not "active employment: for [purposes of] application of the retiree presumption contained in § 373?
II. Did the WCAC err in finding a date of injury of September 9, 1985, the date plaintiff testified he injured his back while putting on his shoes at home, rather than a last day of work injury of June 1, 1987 pursuant to Porter v Great Lakes Steel, 114 Mich. App. 293 [ 318 N.W.2d 646] (1982)?
Section 373 provides, in relevant part:
(1) An employee who terminates active employment and is receiving nondisability pension or retirement benefits under either a private or governmental pension or retirement program, including old age benefits under the social security act, 42 U.S.C. § 301-1397f, that was paid by or on behalf of an employer from whom weekly benefits under this act are sought shall be presumed not to have a loss of earnings or earning capacity as the result of a compensable injury or disease under either this chapter or chapter 4. This presumption may be rebutted only by a preponderance of the evidence that the employee is unable, because of a work related disability, to perform work suitable to the employee's qualifications, including training or experience. This standard of disability supersedes other applicable standards used to determine disability under either this chapter or chapter 4. [MCL 418.373; MSA 17.237(373).]
For purposes of § 373, this Court has twice construed "active employment" to mean being "actively on the job and performing the customary work of [the] job." Frasier v Model Coverall Service, Inc, 182 Mich. App. 741; 453 N.W.2d 301 (1990); Dezwaan v Holland Motor Express, 189 Mich. App. 575, 579; 473 N.W.2d 788 (1991).
The commission has misconstrued what this Court intended when it spoke of "performing the customary work of [the] job." Plaintiff's job, as of the date of retirement, was clerical. Immediately before his retirement, plaintiff was performing the customary duties of his clerical employment. To construe the phrase as the commission has done in this case makes the retiree presumption entirely meaningless, because all workers with otherwise work-related, compensable disabilities are, by definition, incapable of performing the particular job they were doing at the time of injury, by virtue of the definition of "disability" in § 301(4), MCL 418.301(4); MSA 17.237(301)(4).
The commission went on to reach the further erroneous conclusion that, pursuant to § 301(5)(e), MCL 418.301(5)(e); MSA 17.237(301)(5)(e), because plaintiff was employed less than one hundred weeks in favored work, he must receive compensation irrespective of the reason for losing his job. Subsection 5(e) of § 301 must, however, be construed properly in the context of subsection 5(a), which bars an employee, who has received a bona fide offer of favored work ("reasonable employment from the previous employer, another employer, or through the Michigan Employment Security Commission") from receiving any benefits, on the rationale, so declared in the statute itself, that the employee has thereby voluntarily left the work-force.
That is, of course, exactly what plaintiff did when he retired. This renders irrelevant the commission's additional, gratuitous finding that, on the date he retired, plaintiff was no longer able to perform even his favored employment. The fact remains that plaintiff was employed in and performed favored work until the date of retirement. Therefore, upon retirement, plaintiff "ceased active employment." McDonald v Holland Motor Express, Inc, 201 Mich. App. 285, 288-289; 506 N.W.2d 234 (1993). Accordingly, plaintiff must rebut the presumption established in § 373 by showing that work suitable to his qualifications, training, or experience is unavailable, not simply that he cannot perform the favored work in which he was employed at the time of retirement. Peck v General Motors Corp, 164 Mich. App. 580; 417 N.W.2d 547 (1987), rev'd in part on other gds 432 Mich. 892 (1989); see also Brown v Beckwith Evans Co, 192 Mich. App. 158, 163-164; 480 N.W.2d 311 (1991). Because the commission failed to determine whether the plaintiff carried his burden of proof on this issue in light of its resolution of the threshold question, the cause must be remanded for factfinding regarding this issue. Brown v Beckwith Evans Co, supra.
A second issue raised by the Second Injury Fund is without merit. The fund argues, first, that injuries sustained while an employee is going to and from work are not compensable. Denny v Kostadinovski, 117 Mich. App. 517; 324 N.W.2d 19 (1981). While that legal proposition is unassailable, here plaintiff was not simply going to or coming from work. His "on call" status meant that he was never in fact away from work. Plaintiff was simply, in effect, on an extended break, which his employer permitted him to take anywhere within reasonable geographic proximity to his place of employment and also near a telephone. Plaintiff was both recreating and on a mission for his employer, squarely within the "dual purpose" doctrine, which makes the injury clearly connected to his employment and compensable. Burchett v Delton-Kellogg School Dist, 378 Mich. 231; 144 N.W.2d 337 (1966).
Viewed differently, plaintiff was effectively working a split-shift schedule, which exposed him to hazards of travel to and from the workplace greater than those encountered by an ordinary employee who reports for work and returns home only once each day. Compensation is awardable in these circumstances, even if plaintiff had been "concededly on his own time and performing no service for his employer." Burchett, supra at 234, citing Howard v Detroit, 377 Mich. 102; 139 N.W.2d 677 (1966).
Accordingly, the commission properly found that plaintiff was injured in the course of his employment on September 9, 1985. The commission was not bound to conclude that plaintiff suffered other than a single-event injury, and so the "last day of work" doctrine, § 301(1), which is factitious in its application, was correctly dispelled from further consideration.
The decision of the commission is reversed in part and affirmed in part, and the cause is remanded to the commission for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. This Court retains no further jurisdiction.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.