The Fourth Circuit affirmed in a per curiam opinion on the ground that Andrews was controlling and that plaintiff was required to exhaust his remedies with the NRAB before bringing suit in federal court. The same reluctance to find an exception to the "exclusive remedy" rule is found in Sensabaugh v. Railway Express Agency, Inc. of Virginia, 348 F. Supp. 1398 (W.D.Va. 1972), wherein it was held that even if an employee regarded such action as futile, he was required to exhaust administrative remedies before seeking judicial redress against the carrier and the union for grievances arising from the termination of his job. Accord: Merinuk v. Baker, 366 F. Supp. 735 (E.D.Pa. 1973). In conclusion, there appears to be some controversy in the Circuits as to the application of Andrews and whether exceptions do exist which allow a claim to be brought directly in the state or federal courts without a prior exhaustion of administrative remedies.