Summary
relying on the pre-1983 amendments to Section 3306, the court denied damages on finding that no expenses were incurred and there was no bad faith to justify damages for the market-contract differential
Summary of this case from Gallagher v. HoltOpinion
Sac. No. 2134.
April 17, 1915.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Solano County and from an order refusing a new trial. A.J. Buckles, Judge.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
McCoy Gans, and H.P. Andrews, for Appellant.
Arthur C. Huston, and F.F. Marshall, for Respondents.
Plaintiff appeals from a judgment in favor of defendants, and from an order denying his motion for a new trial.
The complaint is in four counts. The first alleges the ownership by defendants of a ranch in Solano County, containing 521.65 acres; alleges that in 1910, said defendants offered to sell said ranch to plaintiff, or to any one designated by him, for forty-one thousand dollars, and agreed that, in case of a sale to another, plaintiff was to have all of the price above forty-one thousand dollars; that in December, 1910, plaintiff secured a purchaser, who agreed with defendants to purchase the ranch for $62,468.87; and that nothing has been paid plaintiff. The second cause of action alleges that defendants placed the ranch in plaintiff's hands for sale, and authorized him to sell it for forty-one thousand dollars, agreeing that he was to receive as commission the purchase price above forty-one thousand dollars; that a sale had been arranged through plaintiff for $62,468.87, and that no part of the excess over forty-one thousand dollars had been paid. The third count is based on the theory that plaintiff himself purchased the ranch for forty-one thousand dollars, but that defendants, acting in bad faith, refused to sell to him. The value of the ranch is alleged to be $62,468.87, and the difference between that sum and forty-one thousand dollars is claimed as damages. The fourth count attempts to set up a cause of action for specific performance of the contract to sell to plaintiff for forty-one thousand dollars. The answer denies most of the allegations of the complaint. The court found against the existence of the contract and authorization set up in the complaint, found that plaintiff did not produce a purchaser, or accept any offer of defendants to sell the property to him, and that defendants are not indebted to plaintiff in any sum. Judgment went in favor of defendants for their costs.
The findings above outlined are sufficient to sustain the judgment so far as the prayer for a money judgment is concerned. Whether or not the court failed, as appellant claims, to find on other issues, is therefore entirely immaterial. The fourth count demands no particular attention. It failed to state a cause of action, there being no averment of facts showing the fairness of the contract or the adequacy of the consideration. This pleading would not have supported a decree of specific performance. (White v. Sage, 149 Cal. 613, [ 87 P. 193], and cases cited.)
No errors in rulings on evidence are assigned. The appellant claims, merely, that the evidence does not support the findings of the court.
It is clear that the findings in favor of the defendants Raymond H. Ross, Mabel I. Ross, and Mrs. Henry are in accord with the undisputed evidence. A contract for the sale of real estate, or for the employment of a broker to sell real estate, must be in writing. (Civ. Code, sec. 1624; Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1973.) None of these three defendants ever made any written contract with plaintiff or even had any written communication with him. Plaintiff attempted to show that each of them had referred him to a brother, their codefendant, Albert T. Ross, as the person in charge of the ranch. But the testimony was that Albert did not have any written authority to bind them, and this was necessary to empower him to make a contract, on their behalf, to sell real estate or employ an agent to sell it. (Civ. Code, sec. 2309) Even if the making of the oral statements had been shown without contradiction — which is not the case — such statements would not have bound these defendants. There is no ground for the contention that the alleged declarations raised an estoppel against the three defendants. To so hold would destroy the statutory requirement that authority to sell real property must be in writing.
The remaining question is whether the findings in favor of defendant Albert T. Ross are supported. The evidence in this behalf is quite voluminous and we shall not undertake to recite it in detail. Read as a whole, it presents the very usual aspect of a substantial conflict, which puts the finding of the trial court beyond the power of appellate review. The testimony on behalf of defendants tended to show, and justified the trial court in believing this to be the state of facts. In August, 1910, Albert T. Ross had written to plaintiff, telling him that the ranch was for sale for forty-one thousand dollars, and that, if he got a chance to sell it, he should charge a good price "so you can get a commission out of it, as my figures are net." Nothing came of this, and some months later McRae wrote to A.T. Ross, offering thirty-six thousand dollars for the land. This was, of course, a rejection of any offer contained in the August letter, and ended that offer. (Niles v. Hancock, 140 Cal. 157, [ 73 P. 840].) On November 1, 1910, Ross answered McRae's letter, saying, "We all feel that the ranch is worth what we are asking. . . . I don't feel as if we can take $40,000, but will take $41,000, that is if it is sold before the alfalfa is up. . . . We thank you for your offer. Am willing to answer any question about the place any time you should wish to write." This is the only writing which plaintiff can look to as supporting his cause of action. Following its receipt, McRae brought one or two people to see the property, but there was no result from these efforts except in the case of one Reed, who finally made a contract with the defendants to buy the ranch for $61,117.50. But this was a contract under which nothing was to be paid until October 1, 1911, about nine months after the making of the agreement. Assuming that the letter of November 1, 1910, authorized McRae to make a sale, it did not authorize a sale on the terms that were subsequently agreed upon between Reed and Ross. Reed testified that when he made his offer for the property, he was not in a position to pay for it. A broker who seeks a commission for a sale must show that he has produced a purchaser, ready, able, and willing to purchase on the terms authorized. (Gunn v. Bank of California, 99 Cal. 349, [33 P. 1105].) This the plaintiff did not do. Furthermore, there was testimony to the effect that McRae, instead of facilitating a sale to Reed, endeavored to prevent an agreement between Reed and Ross.
Of the contention that McRae himself purchased the property, it is enough to say that the court found, with respect to the third count, that defendants did not act in bad faith in violating the alleged contract, and that plaintiff suffered no damage. These findings are sufficient to support the judgment in favor of defendants on this count. Assuming that there was a contract, and that it was broken, the measure of damages, in the absence of bad faith, is "the price paid, and expenses properly incurred in examining the title and preparing the necessary papers." (Civ. Code, sec. 3306) No price had been paid by plaintiff, nor did he show the incurring of any expenses. The finding of a want of bad faith was fully justified, and it follows that the alleged breach caused no damage. Aside from all other considerations, the plaintiff was properly denied relief on this count.
The judgment and the order denying a new trial are affirmed.
Shaw, J., and Angellotti, C.J., concurred.