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stating that a physician or surgeon's "obligation of continuing attention can be terminated only by the cessation of the necessity which gave rise to the relationship, or by the discharge of the physician by the patient, or by the withdrawal from the case by the physician after giving the patient reasonable notice so as to enable the patient to secure other medical attention"
Summary of this case from State v. DeLainOpinion
March 3, 1964 —
March 31 1964.
APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Dane county: EDWIN M. WILKIE, Circuit Judge. Affirmed.
For the appellants there was a brief by Jack McManus and J. Philip Elliott, Jr., both of Madison, and oral argument by Mr. McManus.
For the respondent Donlin there was a brief by W. L. Jackman, attorney, and Hart, Kraege, Jackman Wightman of counsel, all of Madison, and oral argument by W. L. Jackman.
For the respondent Dollard there was a brief by Beckwith Hollern of Madison, and oral argument by V. W. Beckwith.
Action by plaintiffs jack McManus, guardian ad litem for James Lincoln, Jr., and James Lincoln, Sr. (father of James, Jr.), to recover damages for alleged medical malpractice against defendants, W. F. Donlin, M.D., and James E. Dollard, M.D.
On March 31, 1961, James Lincoln, Jr. (hereinafter "Jimmy"), was burned on his right leg between the ankle and knee as a result of ignited gasoline. The Lincoln family then resided near Belleville, in Dane county, and on the day of the accident Jimmy's mother took him to defendant Donlin's office in Belleville, where the doctor diagnosed the jury as a second-degree burn. Dr. Donlin then continued the treat Jimmy throughout the month of April and part of the first week of May, During this period plaintiff's condition and treatment were as follows: On March 31, 1961, there was great loss of skin substance on the leg below the knee but not a complete loss; there also were many blebs (areas filled with fluid) from the knee to the top of the shoe. The wound did not appear to be infected, but Jimmy was given shot of penicillin due to a chill, fever, and lung congestion, On April 3d Dr. Donlin redressed the leg, which did not appear to be infected, but the lung congestion persisted. On April 6th Dr. Donlin redressed the leg and it looked good. On April 9th the leg was redressed and looked good and the chest was clear. On April 13th the leg was redressed and was not infected. On April 16th, 23d, and 27th the leg was redressed; up to this time it appeared not infected and there was some growth of skin; the doctor had been watching for signs of healing. On May 4th the wound was redressed; there was granulation tissue and the wound was infected, Jimmy then had a temperature and Dr. Donlin advised the parents that it would be necessary to put Jimmy in a hospital and to get a specialist to skin-graft the wound. The father followed this advice and took Jimmy to St. Mary's Hospital in Madison and told Dr. Dollard that he wanted him to take care of his son. Thereafter Dr. Donlin did not care for Jimmy.
Dr, Dollard is a Madison physician and surgeon who specializes in plastic surgery as well as eye, ear, nose and throat disorders. Dr. Dollard first examined Jimmy on the evening of May 6th. His diagnosis was a third-degree burn of the right leg which was infected, and that the boy was anemic. A blood transfusion was given for the anemic condition, and wet dressings prescribed for the infected area. An examination was made under anesthetic on May 9th, debridement of the burned area carried out, and the wound dressed. Solution was put on the dressing for the purpose of keeping it soaked, and such dressings were applied around the clock. A culture was taken of the infection and it was found to be staphylococcus. An examination made May 28th by Dr. Dollard disclosed that Jimmy's temperature was normal, there was no odor to the dressing, and the wound was clear for surgery. On May 31st Dr. Dollard applied two skin grafts to the burned area, taking skin from Jimmy's right thigh and buttocks for the grafts. Jimmy was also then given a further blood transfusion. On June 16th further skin grafts were made by Dr. Dollard, and apparently some of the skin used in these grafts was taken from Jimmy's chest. Again another blood transfusion was given.
On June 21st Jimmy had a temperature and there was purulent drainage from the burned area. By June 23d his temperature was 102° and the donor sites (places where skin had been removed for grafts) were infected as was the burned area of the leg. This infection was found to be pseudomonas ("green bug") and staphylococcus. The grafts of May 31st were successful but the infection destroyed those made on June 16th. Dr. Dollard last treated Jimmy on June 30th at which time the dressing was changed. The next day, July 1st, Jimmy was discharged from the hospital and taken home by his father. The father testified that Dr. Dollard told him nothing could be done until Jimmy was built up again. Instructions were given by Dr. Dollard for keeping the dressing soaked, and the county nurse came to the Lincoln home and changed the dressing. On July 5, 1961, Jimmy was admitted to University Hospitals, also known as Wisconsin General Hospital.
Thereafter, Jimmy was treated by Dr. Bernard, a specialist in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Dr. Bernard found that the donor sites on the right thigh, buttocks, the chest, and also the burned area, were infected. Dr. Bernard succeeded in clearing up the infection and then successfully made skin grafts both to the burned area and the donor sites. However, all these areas now have badly disfiguring scars.
The case was tried to a court and jury. At the conclusion of the presentation of plaintiffs' evidence, defendants moved for a nonsuit. The motion was granted and the jury discharged. Thereafter, plaintiffs moved for a new trial on the grounds, among others, that it was error to have granted the nonsuit, and because of certain alleged erroneous rulings on evidence. The motion for new trial was denied by an order, which also directed the entry of a judgment of nonsuit. The judgment directing the nonsuit, and adjudging that defendants recover costs, was entered July 29, 1963. Plaintiffs have appealed from this judgment.
Appellant plaintiffs contend that they are entitled to a new trial on the following grounds:
(1) The trial court erred in granting a nonsuit because there was sufficient evidence in the record to raise a jury issue with respect to both defendants being guilty of malpractice.
(2) The trial court erred in refusing to apply the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur.
(3) The trial court committed prejudicial error in certain of its rulings on evidence.
In passing on the first of these contentions we will consider separately, the evidence relating to each defendant which plaintiffs claim required the trial court to submit the case to the jury. In so reviewing the evidence, we are mindful of the rule that the evidence is to be viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, giving them the benefit of all inferences that can reasonably be deduced therefrom. United States Fidelity Guaranty Co. v. Milwaukee S. T. Corp. (1962), 18 Wis.2d 1, 7, 117 N.W.2d 708; Weihert v. Piccione (1956), 273 Wis. 448, 450, 78 N.W.2d 757.
Alleged Malpractice of Dr. Donlin.
Plaintiffs contend that the evidence discloses that Donlin was negligent in the following respects: (1) Failure to diagnose the burn as a third-degree burn; (2) failure to use antibiotics as prophylaxis against possible infection; (3) failure to provide around-the-clock care; and (4) failure to change dressings as often as necessary.
It is true that Dr. Donlin diagnosed Jimmy's burn as a second-degree burn while both Dr. Dollard and Dr. Bernard diagnosed it as a third-degree burn. The difference between a deep second-degree burn and a third-degree burn is that skin will regenerate over the burned area of the former while it will not in the case of a third-degree burn. Dr. Bernard testified that a second-degree burn may be converted into a third-degree burn by infection. Furthermore, the depth of a burn cannot be determined by the physician looking at it, so he would not know at once whether it was a deep second-degree burn or a third-degree burn. We find it unnecessary, however, to determine whether there was sufficient evidence for a jury to find that Dr. Donlin improperly diagnosed Jimmy's condition. An incorrect diagnosis is not actionable unless followed by improper treatment. Hill v. Boughton (1941), 146 Fla. 505, 1 So.2d 610; Willard v. Hutson (1963), 234 Or. 148, 378 P.2d 966; Skodje v. Hardy (1955), 47 Wn.2d 557, 288 P.2d 471; 41 Am. Jur., Physicians and Surgeons, p. 210, sec. 92; 70 C J.S., Physicians and Surgeons, p. 961, sec. 48 d. The evidence discloses no improper treatment on Dr. Donlin's part.
As to the use of antibiotics in treating the burn, Dr. Bernard, plaintiffs' expert medical witness, testified as follows: With respect to using antibiotics before any infection had manifested itself, this is a matter of personal opinion of physicians, some do and others do not. It takes considerable time before it can be determined whether skin will be regenerated over the burned area, and that during such time the treatment is the same for a third-degree burn as it would be for a second-degree burn. Sometimes it is a month or even six or eight weeks before a general practitioner in the Madison area will send a third-degree burn patient to a plastic surgeon for skin-grafting treatment. The method of treatment by Dr. Donlin, namely, an ointment with a closed type of dressing, as distinguished from an open treatment with no dressing, is one of the acceptable methods of treatment for third-degree burns.
The evidence further establishes that the wet or soaked dressing type of treatment is recommended when infection has already set in. It is this type of dressing which requires an application of solution every couple of hours that is commonly spoken of as around-the-clock care. As soon as infection did make its appearance, Dr. Donlin had Jimmy placed in a hospital and turned his care over to Dr. Dollard, a specialist. Plaintiffs rely on an answer given by Dr. Dollard on his adverse examination that it is good medical practice, under the standard prevailing in Dane county, to change dressings where the burn wound has been contaminated with pus. Dr. Donlin, however, did change the dressing on May 4th. The next day Jimmy was admitted to Mary's Hospital, and Dr. Donlin's treatment then ended.
When a physician exercises that degree of care, judgment, and skill which physicians in good standing of the same school of medicine usually exercise in the same or similar localities under like or similar circumstances, having due regard to the advanced state of medical science at the time, he has discharged his legal duty to his patient. Ahola v. Sincock (1959), 6 Wis.2d 332, 348, 94 N.W.2d 566; Kuehnemann v. Boyd (1927), 193 Wis. 588, 591, 214 N. 326, 215 N. W, 455; Jaeger v. Stratton (1920), 170 Wis. 579, 581, 176 N.W. 61. Prior to our recent decision in Fehrman v. Smirl (1963), 20 Wis.2d 1, 121 N.W.2d 255, 122 N.W.2d 439, this degree of care and skill could only be proved by the testimony of experts. See last cited cases and Krueger v. Chase (1920), 172 Wis. 163, 177 N.W. 510. The Fehrman Case relaxed this rule in situations where medical or surgical errors are of such nature that any layman is competent to pass judgment thereon and conclude from common experience that such things do not happen if there has been proper skill and care. The instant case clearly does not fall within this exception to the rule that expert testimony is required to establish medical malpractice.
Plaintiffs wholly failed to establish by expert testimony that the treatment of Jimmy by Dr. Donlin constituted a failure to exercise that degree of care, diligence, judgment, and skill which was required of him. Therefore, the trial court properly entered the judgment of nonsuit with respect to this defendant.
Alleged Malpractice of Dr. Dollard.
Plaintiffs contend that there was evidence adduced which would establish that Dr. Dollard was negligent in the following respects: (1) He failed to use proper surgical techniques in the skin-grafting operations upon Jimmy; (2) he failed to use proper postoperative care to prevent infection to the patient; and (3) he discharged the patient at a time when the latter's condition required that he be kept under care.
The ground for plaintiffs' claim that Dr. Dollard failed to use proper surgical techniques in skin-grafting is stated in their brief as follows: "In this regard it is plaintiff's contention that the defendant, James E. Dollard, in removing skin from the donor sites and placing it upon the area to be grafted cut too deep removing an excessive amount of skin from the donor sites of the injured boy." Plaintiffs concede that there is no direct evidence that Dr. Dollard did cut too deeply in removing the skin from the donor sites. The claim of cutting too deeply is predicated entirely upon unusual result. Plaintiffs especially rely upon an admission made by Dr. Dollard that the scars at the donor sites are unusual and much thicker and more hypertrophied than normal scars. Dr. Bernard, on the other hand, testified without contradiction that the scars were due to infection, and while infection of donor sites is not common, it does occur. There is no expert medical testimony that Dr. Dollard's skin-grafting operations on Jimmy did not meet accepted standards of care. This court in Fehrman v. Smirl, supra, at page 25, refused to adopt the "rarity" test, or unusual result, as a basis for an inference of negligence in medical malpractice cases, and we adhere to that determination in the present case.
The claimed failure of Dr. Dollard to use proper postoperative care to prevent infection is based on the fact that while he had a culture taken from the leg to determine infection on May 9th he did not take another until June 26th, although the second skin-grafting was done on June 16th. At the time the second skin-grafting was accomplished the prior grafts had taken and the burned area appeared clean. Dr. Bernard testified that, if the first graft takes and the wound remains clean, it is good practice to attempt another graft. He further testified that "we" do not necessarily wait for a negative culture to put a graft on a burn. The record is not clear whether the "we" was used by Dr. Bernard as referring to himself and his associate plastic surgeon, or whether it encompassed plastic surgeons generally. In any case, there was no expert testimony given that would afford a basis for an inference that failure to take a culture at the time of making the second set of grafts on June 16th constituted negligence on the part of Dr. Dollard.
We turn now to plaintiffs' claim that Dr. Dollard negligently discharged Jimmy when the latter's condition required that he be kept under care. This requires a consideration of the circumstances under which Jimmy left St. Mary's Hospital on July 1st, after which Dr. Dollard no longer treated him. Jimmy's father testified that some three to five days prior to July 1st Dr. Dollard told him about the June 16th grafts coming off as a result of the infection; that Jimmy was run down and would have to be built up before any more grafting could be done; and that the father should take him home and "feed him up." The father admitted that Dr. Dollard issued instructions to him as to how the dressings should be changed and that, after the boy had been taken home, he changed the dressing two or three times, and that afterwards the county nurse came and changed the dressings, The father, however, did not testify that he expected or understood that Dr. Dollard would continue to treat Jimmy after the latter's leaving the hospital on July 1st. At the time the motion for nonsuit was made, the trial court summarized the evidence in a pronouncement from the bench. In that part of this summarization which dealt with the instant phase of the case the trial court stated, ". . . there was a mutual understanding that the boy would be discharged from the hospital and that Dr. Dollard would no longer be treating him."
Five days after Jimmy was discharged from St. Mary's Hospital he was admitted to University Hospitals and placed under the care of Dr. Bernard. There is no medical testimony that during this five-day interval anything occurred to the detriment of Jimmy or which made it more difficult for Dr. Bernard to treat him.
The applicable rule of law with respect to withdrawal from a case by a physician is well stated in Ricks v. Budge (1937), 91 Utah 307, 314, 64 P.2d 208, as follows:
"We believe the law is well settled that a physician or surgeon, upon undertaking an operation or other case, is under the duty, in the absence of an agreement limiting the service, of continuing his attention, after the first operation or first treatment, so long as the case requires attention. The obligation of continuing attention can be terminated only by the cessation of the necessity which gave rise to the relationship, or by the discharge of the physician by the patient, or by the withdrawal from the case by the physician after giving the patient reasonable notice so as to enable the patient to secure other medical attention. A physician has the right to withdraw from a case, but if the case is such as to still require further medical or surgical attention, he must, before withdrawing from the case, give the patient sufficient notice so the patient can procure other medical attention if he desires."
See also 41 Am. Jur., Physicians and Surgeons, p. 194, sec. 72;70 C.J.S., Physicians and Surgeons, p. 965, sec. 48 f (1); Anno. 57 A.L.R.2d 432, 439.
We conclude that there is no evidence which would support a finding that Dr. Dollard wrongfully withdrew from the case. Furthermore, even if he had done so, there is a complete lack of any evidence that this was causal.
Our review of the evidence bearing on possible malpractice by Dr. Dollard has demonstrated to our satisfaction that the trial court also properly granted a nonsuit with respect to this defendant.
Res Ipsa Loquitur.
Plaintiffs contend that this is a proper case in which to invoke the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, and that, if so invoked, inferences of negligence could be drawn against both defendants which would support a jury verdict in favor of plaintiffs. This court carefully considered the problem as to when res ipsa loquitur should be invoked in medical malpractice cases in Fehrman v. Smirl, supra. Under the principles enunciated therein that doctrine is not applicable to the present case. As previously pointed out, this is not a case in which jurors as laymen should be permitted to infer negligence from an unusual result. Plaintiffs' counsel strenuously argue that we should expand our holding in Fehrman so as to apply the "rarity" test to the instant facts. This we decline to do. Without application of the "rarity" test, no inference of negligence may be drawn by a jury under facts which are not based on expert medical testimony. In this case the expert medical testimony adduced by plaintiffs is wholly insufficient to support such an inference.
Rulings On Evidence.
Plaintiffs cite two incidents of alleged prejudicial erroneous exclusion of evidence by the trial court in support of their claim to a new trial.
The facts with respect to the first of these is as follows: Plaintiffs called Sister Mary Lillian, superintendent of St Mary's Hospital, as a witness and she testified that about July 3, 1961, she had a conversation with the county nurse in regard to the hospitalization of Jimmy at St. Mary's. She was then asked this question by plaintiffs' counsel, "What did you tell her?" Counsel for Dr. Dollard objected to the question and the objection was sustained.
Plaintiffs' argument as to why they contend this ruling was erroneous is that to allow the question to be answered would be a proper exception to the hearsay rule "to show the facts and circumstances surrounding the discharge of Jimmy Lincoln from the hospital which is one element of malpractice negligence claimed against Dr. Dollard." Such a contention is wholly without merit. There is no claim that the witness or the hospital was the agent of Dr. Dollard. Therefore, it would be entirely irrelevant what the witness told the county nurse. What would be relevant would be testimony by Sister Mary Lillian as to what Dr. Dollard told her regarding Jimmy's discharge from the hospital on July 1st, but the question to which the objection was sustained was not framed to elicit this information.
The second ruling on evidence attacked by plaintiffs relates to the trial court's excluding any testimony with respect to Dr. Dollard's absence from the state for several months at the time of the commencement of the action. It is plaintiffs' contention that Dr. Dollard left the state so as to avoid service of the summons upon him, and that this conduct was in the nature of an admission. In support of this contention plaintiffs cite 2 Jones, Evidence, Civil and Criminal (5th ed.), p. 717, sec. 386, and 20 Am. Jur. Evidence, p. 273, sec. 293. These authorities hold that evidence of flight by a person suspected of or charged with a crime or wrongdoing is admissible against him. This rule seems to be largely confined to defendants in criminal proceedings. Moreover, it is evidence which is merely corroborative in character and, standing alone, would be insufficient to support a finding of guilt or wrongdoing. The trial court rightly excluded the offered evidence because there was absent from the record any evidence of negligence on Dr. Dollard's part which this would tend to corroborate.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.
WILKIE, J., took no part.