Summary
In McGuire v. Spence, 91 N.Y. 303, 43 Am. Rep. 668, the court held the defendant liable for injuries received by a girl fourteen years old, caused by falling into an uncovered area while skipping a rope upon the sidewalk in the daytime.
Summary of this case from Connally v. WoodsOpinion
Argued January 24, 1883
Decided February 6, 1883
A. Simis, Jr., for appellant. Thomas E. Pearsall for respondent.
The plaintiff was injured by falling into an uncovered area in the sidewalk of a street in the city of Brooklyn, fronting upon premises owned by the defendant. She had returned from school, and observing other children playing on the opposite side of the street, crossed over and joined them in their amusement of jumping the rope, and while so engaged fell into the open area. She was about fourteen years of age; the dangerous hole was visible to one who looked; and the accident happened in the day-time. But the jury found she was not guilty of contributory negligence, and the facts warranted such a finding. Even if the burden rested upon her of showing that her own fault did not contribute to the injury, which we do not hold, but which the trial judge seems to have charged ( Clifford v. Dam, 81 N.Y. 52; Irvine v. Wood, 51 id. 224; 10 Am. Rep. 603), she bore that burden successfully. For negligence is a relative term, and depends upon the degree of care necessary in a given case. He who approaches a railroad crossing approaches a place of danger, and he must look and listen, for he is bound to anticipate a possible harm. But one who passes along a sidewalk has a right to presume it to be safe. He is not called upon to anticipate danger, and is not negligent for not being on his guard. Whoever left this area in the sidewalk open and uncovered was guilty of a positive wrong. It amounted to an obstruction of the street. It was a trap set for the unwary, or for those hurried or inattentive. Nobody was bound to anticipate its existence, or to look for it, although it was visible. The plaintiff, therefore, was bound to no special care to avoid such an accident as happened, and the jury were justified on the facts in finding her free from negligence.
Nor does it change the result that she was playing upon the sidewalk instead of using it for the ordinary purposes of travel. Our attention is called to certain cases in other States as authority for the doctrine that only those using the streets for their appropriate and normal purpose are within the rule of protection. ( Blodgett v. City of Boston, 8 Allen, 237; Stinson v. Gardiner, 42 Me. 248; McCarthy v. City of Portland, 67 id. 167; 24 Am. Rep. 23.) In these cases the actions were against municipal corporations under statutes which bound them to keep the streets safe and convenient for travelers, and a just construction of the written law furnished the limitation of the corporate duty. In this State we have held that the duty exists not merely as to travelers, but as to all persons lawfully in the streets, and have imposed upon a city a liability for negligence where the person injured was in no sense a traveler, but engaged in excavating the street under lawful permission, but for the benefit of a private corporation. ( Rehberg v. The Mayor, Jan. 23 1883.) This plaintiff was lawfully in the street. She had a right to be there, and while there, not to be exposed to the possible dangers of an uncovered opening in the sidewalk. Nor does it matter that she was at play with other children. In McGarry v. Loomis ( 63 N.Y. 108; 20 Am. Rep. 510), we stated it as a proposition too plain for comment that "it is not unlawful, wrong or negligent for children on the sidewalk to play."
Ante, p. 137.
A further ground of defense was argued, based upon the alleged existence of a tenancy. The defendant was the owner of the premises, and claimed to have leased them to one Livingston, who was in possession at the time of the accident, and alleged to be alone responsible for the uncovered area. But upon the facts in this connection two questions were specially submitted to the jury. They were asked to say whether the premises at the time of the accident were occupied by the defendant, and to this they answered in the affirmative. They were further requested to say whether the area was covered and safe when the tenant took possession, and to this they replied in the negative. There was evidence to sustain this verdict upon both propositions. While the owner and Livingston both swore to the tenancy, the former said the tenant at the time of the accident was Mary Livingston, and then that it was Andrew Livingston; and it was shown that the latter's purchases were charged to and paid for by the defendant, and that bills were made out in his name for work done by Livingston. There was also evidence that the area was left unguarded for some time before the tenancy, and Livingston himself swore that he replaced the wooden slats which served as a cover many times, and the expense of such repairs was always paid by the defendant. There was quite enough in these facts to fix his liability.
Upon the subject of this alleged tenancy a question was asked the defendant: "Why were the goods charged to you?" This was excluded by the court, and that exclusion is claimed to have been an error. Undoubtedly the witness had a right to explain the facts proven by his adversary as to his connection with Livingston's business, as bearing on the question of tenancy and possession. But permission to do that was nowhere refused. On the contrary, the witness did explain so far as he chose. He testified that the bills made out in his name were made out without his knowledge or assent. The question asked was objectionable because it sought his opinion of the reasons or motives of third persons for charging to him goods delivered to Livingston. Their motives were immaterial. His dealings with the tenant and the real relation existing between them were not excluded, but freely opened to inquiry.
We have examined the requests to charge which were refused by the court and find no error in the refusals. The judgment was reasonable in amount and seems to us just. It should be affirmed, with costs.
All concur.
Judgment affirmed.