Summary
In McGuire v. Armstrong, 268 Mich. 152, 255 N.W. 745, among the duties of a county nurse, for which she was paid by the county, was the transportation of patients to various clinics in Grand Rapids. The holding was that a patient injured in an automobile negligently driven by the nurse was not a guest passenger.
Summary of this case from Rehm v. Interstate Motor Freight SystemOpinion
Docket No. 28, Calendar No. 37,427.
Submitted April 5, 1934.
Decided July 2, 1934.
Appeal from Kent; Verdier (Leonard D.), J. Submitted April 5, 1934. (Docket No. 28, Calendar No. 37,427.) Decided July 2, 1934.
Case by Con McGuire against Anna Armstrong for loss of services of wife who died as a result of personal injuries received while a passenger in defendant's automobile. Verdict and judgment for plaintiff. Defendant appeals. Affirmed.
Cornelius Hoffius ( R. Van Kovering, of counsel), for plaintiff.
Arthur F. Shaw, for defendant.
Plaintiff recovered a judgment of $1,000 against defendant, a nurse employed by Kent county, for the loss of his wife's services. The sole question presented by the appeal is whether deceased was a guest passenger in the automobile driven by defendant. The deceased, who was being treated for cataracts on her eyes, had made four previous trips with the defendant for this purpose. There is some immaterial dispute as to whether plaintiff's wife was a county or township patient, but, in any event, she was being taken by the county nurse to Grand Rapids for the purpose of having glasses fitted for her eyes, and neither she nor her husband was paying for the treatment or transportation.
The morning of the accident, the nurse had five passengers in her car, and Mrs. McGuire was in the front seat. The fog had just lifted and there was a bright sun blinding Mrs. Armstrong's vision. Her knowledge of the head-on collision, which resulted in Mrs. McGuire's death a few hours later, is limited to the following testimony:
"I thought I was on my own side of the road. I always aim to drive on that side and the first thing I saw was this car loomed up right in front of me and that is all I know."
Did the trial court err in holding that Mrs. McGuire was not a guest passenger of either the county or its employee, Mrs. Armstrong? The so-called guest statute, 1 Comp. Laws 1929, § 4648, reads, in part:
"Provided, however, that no person, transported by the owner or operator of a motor vehicle as his guest without payment for such transportation shall have a cause of action for damages against such owner or operator for injury, death or loss, in case of accident, unless such accident shall have been caused by the gross negligence or wilful and wanton misconduct of the owner or operator of such motor vehicle and unless such gross negligence or wilful and wanton misconduct contributed to the injury, death or loss for which the action is brought."
At the trial, no testimony was offered by the defendant and plaintiff's witnesses were not subjected to cross-examination. Eighteen days after the entry of the judgment on the jury's verdict, on the hearing of a motion for entry of judgment non obstante veredicto, defendant attempted to show that the transportation was furnished by the county as a convenience to the township, and the claim was then made that the deceased was the patient of the township. This testimony was not proper on the hearing of the motion.
Appellant's brief cites only one case, Morgan v. Tourangeau, 259 Mich. 598, in support of her contention that since Mrs. McGuire was being transported without payment, she must necessarily have been a guest. That case held that plaintiff was a gratuitous passenger, even though she was permitted to buy some gasoline during the course of a pleasure trip. The language of the statute does not emphasize the necessity of payment by the passenger himself, but rather the question is, Was the transportation furnished gratuitously? There is ample authority for allowing a recovery for ordinary negligence when a third party compensates the defendant for transporting his passenger.
In Dahl v. Moore, 161 Wn. 503 ( 297 P. 218), defendant was employed by a realty company to sell real estate. Prospects were furnished with transportation tickets and were driven by the defendant to view the property. If a sale was made, the company paid a commission. Otherwise, the defendant only received reimbursement for her expenditures for gas and oil. The court refused to find that a prospect was a guest under such an arrangement.
See, also, Sullivan v. Richardson, 119 Cal.App. 367 (6 Pac. [2d] 567).
A school pupil, transported to school in a special bus provided for that purpose under contract with the bus driver, was held not to be a guest in Smith v. Fall River Joint Union High School Dist., 118 Cal.App. 673 ( 5 Pac. [2d] 930). After a discussion of the reasons for the enactment of the guest statute, the court held:
"We do not believe * * * that it was ever the intent of the legislature, in a case where the driver received compensation for the passenger, that the latter should be classed as a 'guest' where the result would be the deprivation of the right to recover upon the ground of ordinary negligence."
The consideration need not pass from the passenger to the driver. If the driver receives a direct benefit from another, the service is not gratuitous and there is no guest relationship. Mrs. Armstrong admitted that it was her duty as a county nurse to bring patients to various clinics in Grand Rapids. It is reasonable to infer that the transportation of such passengers as the deceased was within the course of defendant's employment. From the testimony, it seems that it was within the scope of the county's duties to provide medical services for the indigent. Transportation was furnished by the county for that purpose and defendant, at the time of the accident, was engaged in the performance of one of the duties for which she was paid.
In addition to our own case of Caswell v. Railroad Co., 263 Mich. 18, and Kruy v. Smith, 108 Conn. 628 ( 144 A. 304), cited by appellee, we have also examined the following guest cases, which we tabulate as a matter of information.
The plaintiff was held to be a guest where he was a passenger solely for the purpose of showing the defendant the way to his destination, in Master v. Horowitz, 237 App. Div. 237 (261 N.Y. Supp. 722), but, see contra, Lyttle v. Monto, 248 Mass. 340 ( 142 N.E. 795); and a patient riding in a private ambulance without payment therefor was determined to be a guest in Leete v. Griswold Post, American Legion, 114 Conn. 400 ( 158 A. 919).
Passengers were held not to be guests in the following cases: farm employee driven to work by employer, Russell v. Parlee, 115 Conn. 687 ( 163 A. 404); servant being driven by employer to buy shoes for use in employment, Knutson v. Lurie, 217 Iowa, 192 ( 251 N.W. 147); nurse riding with patient, Hart v. Hogan, 173 Wn. 598 ( 24 Pac. [2d] 99); one to whom a car was being demonstrated, Crawford v. Foster, 110 Cal.App. 81 ( 293 P. 841), and Bookhart v. Greenlease-Lied Motor Co., 215 Iowa, 8 ( 244 N.W. 721); one gratuitously helping to deliver goods, Jackson v. Queen, 257 Mass. 515 ( 154 N.E. 78); skilled driver accompanying novice for benefit of novice, Semons v. Towns, 285 Mass. 96 ( 188 N.E. 605); prospective employee looking over a paper route, Sumner v. Edmunds, 130 Cal.App. 770 ( 21 Pac. [2d] 159); a child forced to ride in car against her will, Kastel v. Stieber (Cal.App.), 297 P. 932.
The reasoning of the case of Loftus v. Pelletier, 223 Mass. 63 ( 111 N.E. 712), is helpful. Plaintiff, a district nurse, was injured while being driven to the home of a patient by Dr. Pelletier. The nurse was employed by a charitable organization to attend indigent patients, and it was a common thing for doctors to drive nurses to such cases when making calls, it being the nurse's duty to accompany the doctor upon his request. In holding plaintiff was not a guest, the court said:
"These two pieces of testimony taken together warranted a finding that a right to be transported to the patient was an implied term of the plaintiff's contract of employment when the patient lived two miles out of town, and that under that contract the plaintiff was bound to accept the doctor's automobile as the method of that transportation when it was offered to her. From these findings it followed or at least could have been inferred that at the time of the accident the plaintiff was being carried under her contract of employment, that is to say, that she was being carried by the defendant for hire."
In the instant case, the transportation offered the deceased was adopted by her under the direction of the county which had assumed charge of her case.
The word "guest" connotes both a social relationship and the existence of a host. Neither situation is present in this case. Mrs. McGuire was not a guest and the judgment is affirmed, with costs to appellee.
NELSON SHARPE, C.J., and POTTER, FEAD, BUTZEL, and EDWARD M. SHARPE, JJ., concurred with BUSHNELL, J. NORTH and WIEST, JJ., concurred in the result.