Summary
In Matter of Eureka Basin Warehouse Manuf. Co. 96 N.Y. 42, 48, 49, the latest of these statutes, authorizing the taking of land, was held unconstitutional.
Summary of this case from Opinion of the Justices to the House of RepresentativesOpinion
Submitted June 29, 1883 Reargument ordered October 16, 1883 Reargued March 11, 1884
Decided May 6, 1884
Freling H. Smith for appellant. Jesse Johnson for respondent.
The petitioner was organized as a corporation in the year 1867, by filing a certificate of incorporation under the act of 1848, authorizing the formation of corporations for manufacturing, mining, mechanical, or chemical purposes. The objects for which the company was formed were declared by its certificate of incorporation to be to acquire by purchase, gift, or otherwise, certain swamp, marsh, and other lands in the county of Kings, which were particularly described in the certificate, and to excavate and construct and maintain one or more basins, docks, wharves and piers, and to erect thereon suitable warehouses, mills, furnaces, foundries, factories, shops, and such other buildings as might be necessary and proper for docking, loading and unloading vessels, for the storage of goods and for carrying on generally the business of a dock, warehousing and manufacturing company, and in any and every other proper and suitable way promoting and increasing the facilities for commerce, manufacture, and business generally.
The amount of its capital stock was fixed "for the present" at the sum of $100,000.
An act was passed April 29, 1868, entitled "An act to limit and define the powers and privileges of the Eureka Basin Warehouse and Manufacturing Company, of Long Island," which provided that the company should have the right to commence business whenever one-half of its capital stock should be subscribed for and ten per cent paid thereon; that the company was authorized and empowered to enter upon Bushwick creek and the marsh and other lands contiguous thereto in the city of Brooklyn, on the land described in their certificate of incorporation, or so much thereof as they might acquire by purchase or gift, and thereupon to excavate, dredge, build, construct, establish, and maintain a dock or docks, basin or basins, piers, wharves, warehouses, and other buildings necessary and proper for the purpose of docking, loading and unloading vessels, and of storing goods and merchandise, and for carrying on the general business of a dock and warehousing company, and that said company should be capable in law of purchasing, holding and conveying any real and personal estate which might be necessary or proper to enable it to carry on its operations, and should have the right to demand and receive reasonable compensation for its services and reasonable rent, storage, dockage, and wharfage for the use of its premises.
Thus far in the history of the company, it appears to have been a purely private enterprise, the company being authorized to acquire land only by purchase or gift, and to excavate a basin and construct wharves and buildings, all of which would be the private property of the corporation, and subject to its absolute control and use as such.
The amount of capital required to be paid in, before commencing operations, did not indicate an enterprise of much magnitude, the company being authorized to commence operations when $50,000 of stock should be subscribed for, and $5,000 be paid in. But on comparing the boundaries of the tract described in the certificate of incorporation, with the map of the city of Brooklyn, it appears that the land proposed to be acquired by the company for excavation of a basin, and the construction of buildings and wharves, consists of a tract of land in the city of Brooklyn, opposite to Fourteenth street in the city of New York, extending back from the East river about one mile in length, and in some parts about half a mile in width, which tract is intersected by several railroads and numerous streets.
So long as the proposed enterprise was conceded to be private, and the company sought only to acquire the desired tract of land by gift or purchase, no rights of other persons were interfered with, and the company could make such constructions as it might choose upon the land thus acquired. But in the year 1881 an act was passed by which it was evidently intended to give to the enterprise the appearance of an undertaking for public purposes, and to delegate to the company the right of eminent domain, in order to enable it to acquire the desired land by proceedings in invitum. Under the last-mentioned act the proceeding now before us was instituted, and it becomes necessary to examine its provisions.
The act is chapter 637 of the Laws of 1881. It purports to be an amendment of the act of 1868, before referred to, and to have been passed July 12, 1881. It appears, however, to have become a law without the signature of the governor, July 13, 1881, not having been returned by him within ten days after its receipt. The amendment consists of the addition of the following section:
"In case the company shall be unable, after reasonable diligence, to ascertain who are the owners of any of said lands and premises, or shall be unable to agree with such owner or owners as to the price or sum to be paid therefor or for the purchase thereof, then the same and the title thereto may be acquired by the special proceedings prescribed by law for acquiring title to lands for railroad purposes, and said company shall have the right to issue its corporate bonds secured by mortgage, and to sell and dispose of the same from time to time for the purposes of its organization. This act is hereby declared to be a public act, and the basin of said company shall at all times be open to public use for all vessels that may apply therefor, and said company shall commence operations within one year from the passage of this act and expend thereon not less than ten per centum of its capital."
If this were all of the act it would appear that the basin and wharves proposed to be constructed by the company were intended to be open to public use, and that the only part of the enterprise which remained private was that relating to the construction of warehouses, mills, furnaces, factories, etc., and the case has been discussed by counsel on both sides as if the only question in the case was whether the purposes last mentioned, being private, and the basin and wharves being public, the delegation to the company of the right of eminent domain was justified. That, however, is far from being the only question, or the real question, for the act contains a very important proviso, which gives quite a different complexion to the enterprise, but which, for some unexplained reason, has not been referred to by counsel on either side, although this court expressly directed the case to be reargued on the question whether it was a proper one for the exercise by the corporation of the right of eminent domain.
This proviso immediately follows the last quoted portion of the act of 1881, and is in the following words: "Provided, however, that the provisions of this act shall not apply to any part of said basin lying west of First street, between North Thirteenth street and Bushwick creek, nor to any parts lying west of Third and south of North Thirteenth street, or east of Third and south of a line drawn midway between North Ninth and North Tenth streets; nor to any part thereof lying west of the easterly line of Franklin street, and between the northerly line of Quay street and the northerly bulk-head line of Bushwick creek; nor to any part thereof lying north of the southerly line of North Fifteenth street, and of a line drawn in continuation thereof in an easterly direction."
No map has been furnished to direct the attention of the court to the extent of the premises thus reserved from public use, but on reference to the map of the city of Brooklyn it will be found that the lands thus reserved embrace the property available for wharves on the southerly and northerly sides of the contemplated basin from its junction with the East river to near the rear of the basin, and also much the larger part of the area of the proposed basin, leaving open to the public simply the means of entrance and a comparatively small area in the center of the basin, so that, if constructed and wharfed as proposed in the certificate of incorporation, the surrounding wharves and warehouses would be the private property of the corporation, and the public would have no rights therein. The wharves will not even have the character of wharves on public navigable waters, but will be on an artificial basin constructed on private property, and it would be extremely difficult to determine what parts of the basin were in fact open to the public.
We cannot regard such a project as a public purpose or use which justifies the delegation to this company of the right of eminent domain. The enterprise is, in substance, a private one, and the pretense that it is for a public purpose is merely colorable and illusory. The taking of private property for private purposes cannot be authorized even by legislative act, and the fact that the use to which the property is intended to be put, or the structure intended to be built thereon, will tend incidentally to benefit the public by affording additional accommodations for business, commerce or manufactures, is not sufficient to bring the case within the operation of the right of eminent domain, so long as the structures are to remain under private ownership and control, and no right to their use or to direct their management is conferred upon the public.
We have not deemed it necessary to discuss the question whether, if the main purpose of the act were to authorize the construction of a basin and wharves to the use of which the public would be entitled, under regulations to be established by public authority, the use would be a public one, nor the further question whether the addition to such powers of the right to establish private warehouses, shops, mills, or factories, and to carry on the business of a docking, warehousing and manufacturing company, would so far deprive the corporate enterprise of its public character as to invalidate the delegation to the company of the right of eminent domain.
For the reasons before stated, the orders of the General and Special Terms should be reversed, and the proceeding dismissed, with costs.
All concur.
Ordered accordingly.