Mathis v. State

Full title: CLARENCE HENRY MATHIS, Appellant v. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

Court: Court of Appeals of Texas, Fourteenth District, Houston

Date published: Feb 10, 2009

No. 14-07-00732-CR (Tex. App. Feb. 10, 2009)

Opinion

No. 14-07-00732-CR

Opinion filed February 10, 2009. DO NOT PUBLISH — TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

On Appeal from the 180th District Court, Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 1072790.

Panel consists of Justices ANDERSON and FROST and SENIOR Justice Hudson.^_

_ Senior Justice J. Harvey Hudson sitting by assignment.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

KEM THOMPSON FROST, Justice.

Appellant Clarence Henry Mathis appeals his conviction of capital murder challenging the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence, alleging the trial court erred in admitting evidence of unadjudicated extraneous offenses, and complaining that the trial court should have given a jury instruction on the lesser-included offense of murder. We affirm.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Police officers responded to a 9-1-1 call from a homeowner who heard multiple gunshots outside of his home. The officers discovered the complainant, Christopher Washington, lying face-down on the homeowner's porch. He had been shot and was not breathing. Washington wore a shirt and boxer shorts, but no pants. The officers observed a white vehicle with the engine still running parked nearby. They later learned the vehicle belonged to Washington. One officer recovered nine .40 caliber shell casings from the scene. A tenth casing was later recovered from Washington's shirt during an autopsy. The casings were manufactured by Federal. Autopsy reports later revealed that Washington died of a gunshot wound to the heart. Officers discovered a pair of pants and a cell phone inside Washington's car. By searching the cell phone, an officer contacted the person who called the phone last, Jauncey Wheeler. Wheeler met with officers and gave a statement to them. With information learned from Wheeler, the officers obtained a warrant for appellant's arrest. When officers attempted to arrest appellant, he fled and the officers followed him. One officer saw appellant draw a 9mm pisto¹ from the waistband of his pants, point the weapon at the pursuing officers, and discard it as he ran. The officers arrested appellant, who at first gave officers an incorrect name, age, and birth date. Subsequent to his arrest, officers recovered the discarded pistol, and, in his apartment, found some marijuana and four, unfired .40 caliber bullets that were manufactured by Federal. However, the officers determined that the gun, the marijuana, and the bullets were not linked to the murder investigation. Appellant was charged by indictment with capital murder, to which he pleaded "not guilty." At the jury trial that followed, Courtney Price testified to the events leading up to Washington's death. She described how she and Wheeler first met Washington at a local Wal-Mart earlier in the day, where Wheeler and Washington exchanged phone numbers and then parted ways. Later that evening at Wheeler's apartment, Washington contacted Wheeler by cell phone. They agreed to meet at a nearby apartment complex. Price and Wheeler departed to meet Washington. Appellant, wearing all black clothing, joined them in the same vehicle. Price testified that she was not aware of any plan to rob Washington, nor did she see appellant carrying a gun at the time. Price explained that once the three reached the apartment complex, appellant exited the vehicle and walked toward the apartment building. After a series of phone communications with Washington, in which Wheeler gave directions to the apartment complex, Price described how Wheeler parked the vehicle and left to meet Washington near some vending machines. Price remained in the vehicle, listening to music, when she heard eight gunshots. Price testified that Wheeler jumped back in the vehicle, and Price begged Wheeler to leave, but Wheeler would not leave without appellant. Appellant entered the vehicle and indicated that Washington "ain't have anything." Price recalled that the three left the scene, and she learned from the conversation between Wheeler and appellant that appellant shot Washington. When Wheeler asked appellant why he shot Washington, appellant responded that Washington did not have anything to give up, and appellant told them that he forced Washington to remove his pants. Appellant indicated that Washington only had a bag of marijuana, which Price saw, and appellant gave it to Wheeler. Price saw appellant with a black gun, the same one she had seen appellant carry in the past. Wheeler, who was charged as an accomplice for aggravated robbery of Washington, also testified at trial. Wheeler explained how she recalled seeing a lot of money in Washington's wallet after meeting him at Wal-Mart. She recounted how later that evening, she and appellant, her neighbor, developed a plan to rob Washington. She made arrangements to meet Washington and left with Price and appellant. Wheeler explained that upon their arrival at the arranged meeting place, appellant exited her vehicle, and she later saw him in Washington's car as Washington pulled away. Wheeler saw Washington stop his vehicle and appellant got out. She saw Washington run from his vehicle into a nearby yard, wearing boxer shorts and a t-shirt. Wheeler saw appellant shoot Washington multiple times with two guns. Wheeler testified that when appellant returned to her vehicle, he had only one black gun, and appellant told the Price and Wheeler that he shot Washington because Washington jumped from the vehicle. Wheeler denied seeing any marijuana that appellant took from Washington. The jury found appellant guilty and a trial judge assessed punishment at life in prison. Appellant now challenges his conviction, raising several issues.

II. ISSUES AND ANALYSIS

A. Is the evidence legally and factually sufficient to support appellant's conviction?

In his first three issues, appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence. In evaluating a legal — sufficiency challenge, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 111 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). The issue on appeal is not whether we, as a court, believe the State's evidence or believe that appellant's evidence outweighs the State's evidence. Wicker v. State, 667 S.W.2d 137, 143 (Tex.Crim.App. 1984). The verdict may not be overturned unless it is irrational or unsupported by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Matson v. State, 819 S.W.2d 839, 846 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991). The jury, as the trier of fact, "is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and of the strength of the evidence." Fuentes v. State, 991 S.W.2d 267, 271 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). The jury may choose to believe or disbelieve any portion of the witnesses' testimony. Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986). When faced with conflicting evidence, we presume the trier of fact resolved conflicts in favor of the prevailing party. Turro v. State, 867 S.W.2d 43, 47 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993). Therefore, if any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, we must affirm. McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 614 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). In contrast, when evaluating a challenge to the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we view all the evidence in a neutral light and inquire whether we are able to say, with some objective basis in the record, that a conviction is "clearly wrong" or "manifestly unjust" because the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the jury's verdict. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-17 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006). It is not enough that this court harbor a subjective level of reasonable doubt to overturn a conviction that is founded on legally sufficient evidence, and this court cannot declare that a conflict in the evidence justifies a new trial simply because it disagrees with the jury's resolution of that conflict. Id. at 417. If this court determines the evidence is factually insufficient, it must explain in exactly what way it perceives the conflicting evidence greatly to preponderate against conviction. Id. at 414-17. Our evaluation should not intrude upon the fact finder's role as the sole judge of the weight and credibility given to any witness's testimony. See Fuentes, 991 S.W.2d at 271. Unless issuing a memorandum opinion, in conducting a factual — sufficiency review, we are to address the evidence appellant claims is most important in allegedly undermining the jury's verdict. Sims v. State, 99 S.W.3d 600, 603 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003).

1. Evidence of Robbery

In his first and third issues, appellant does not challenge the evidence supporting the murder, but rather challenges only the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to establish the offense of robbery underlying his capital murder conviction. A person commits the offense of murder if he intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an individual. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(1) (Vernon 2003). A person commits capital murder when that person commits murder as defined by section 19.02(b) and that person intentionally commits the murder in the course of committing or attempting to commit robbery. See id. § 19.03(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2008). To establish capital murder committed in the course of a robbery, the State also must present proof beyond a reasonable doubt, in addition to the alleged murder, that the accused possessed specific intent to obtain or maintain control of another's property either before or during the commission of the offense. Maldonado v. State, 998 S.W.2d 239, 243 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999); Russo v. State, 228 S.W.3d 779, 792 (Tex.App.-Austin 2007, pet. ref'd). However, proof of a completed theft is not required. See Bustamante v. State, 106 S.W.3d 738, 740 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003). If there is evidence from which a rational jury could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused formed the intent to obtain or maintain control of the victim's property either before or during the commission of the murder, then the State has proved that the murder occurred in the course of the robbery. Conner v. State, 67 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001). This is true even when the appropriation occurred after the murder. Zimmerman v. State, 860 S.W.2d 89, 93 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993). Specific intent to rob may be inferred from circumstantial evidence and from an accused's conduct. Maldonado, 998 S.W.2d at 243. The State may prove its entire case by circumstantial evidence if it proves all of the elements of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Russo, 228 S.W.3d at 793. In this case, Wheeler testified that she and appellant developed a plan to rob Washington. She also testified to seeing appellant shoot Washington. Washington died of a gunshot wound to his chest. Price testified to seeing appellant with a gun when he returned to the vehicle. She saw marijuana that appellant claimed to have taken from Washington and recounted how appellant acknowledged shooting Washington, but Washington did not have anything. Appellant cites the conflicting testimony between Wheeler and Price regarding whether they saw the marijuana appellant purportedly took from Washington. Because the jury may choose to believe or disbelieve any portion of the witnesses' testimony, we presume that when faced with conflicting evidence, as in this case, the jury resolved conflicts in favor of the prevailing party. Turro, 867 S.W.2d at 47; Sharp, 707 S.W.2d at 614. As proof that he did not commit the robbery, appellant further points to testimony at trial that the marijuana found at appellant's apartment was not linked to Washington's death. However, "proof of a completed theft is not required to establish the underlying offense of robbery or attempted robbery." Bustamante, 106 S.W.3d at 740. Furthermore, our determination involves whether the accused possessed specific intent to obtain or maintain control of another's property either before or during the commission of the offense. Maldonado, 998 S.W.2d at 243); Russo, 228 S.W.3d at 792. Wheeler's testimony of their plan to rob Washington is evidence supporting appellant's specific intent to rob Washington. Finally, the State also presented evidence that appellant fled and offered a false name when officers tried to arrest him. The jury reasonably could have inferred that appellant fled because he was guilty. See Felder v. State, 848 S.W.2d 85, 98 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992) (providing officers with false identification indicates "consciousness of guilt"); Foster v. State, 779 S.W.2d 845, 859 (Tex.Crim.App. 1989) ("Evidence of flight is admissible as a circumstance from which an inference of guilt may be drawn."); Yost v. State, 222 S.W.3d 865, 875 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. ref'd) (considering evidence of flight and use of a fake name as consciousness of guilt for sufficiency purposes). In viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that a rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt all the essential elements of capital murder, including the aggravating element of robbery. See Russo, 228 S.W.3d at 795. Viewing the evidence in a neutral light, we are not able to say with some objective basis in the record that appellant's conviction is clearly wrong or manifestly unjust because the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the jury's verdict. See Bustamante, 106 S.W.3d at 741. We hold that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support appellant's conviction for murder in the course of committing a robbery, and this is sufficient to support his murder conviction. Therefore we overrule appellant's first and third issues.

2. Accomplice Testimony

In his second issue, appellant challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence to corroborate Wheeler's² accomplice testimony. Article 38.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure requires that a conviction cannot stand on accomplice testimony unless it is corroborated by other evidence that tends to connect the accused with the offense. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14 (Vernon 2005); Colella v. State, 915 S.W.2d 834, 838 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995). Corroborating evidence is insufficient if it merely shows the commission of an offense. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14; Cathey v. State, 992 S.W.2d 460, 462 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). In assessing the sufficiency of corroborative evidence, we eliminate the testimony of the accomplice witness from our consideration and examine the testimony of the other witnesses to ascertain whether the non-accomplice evidence tends to connect the accused with the commission of the offense. St. Julian v. State, 132 S.W.3d 512, 516 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. ref'd). The non-accomplice evidence need not by itself establish the accused's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. Rather, some evidence must exist that tends to connect the accused to the commission of the offense. Id. Even without Wheeler's testimony, evidence at trial tends to connect appellant to Washington's murder. In this case, Price described how appellant, dressed in all-black clothing, joined her and Wheeler on the way to meet Washington. Appellant exited the vehicle upon their arrival. Price testified to hearing multiple gunshots and seeing appellant with a gun upon his return to the vehicle. Price recounted that as they left the scene, appellant responded to Wheeler's questions about the shooting, indicating that he shot Washington because Washington did not want to give anything up. Price recalled seeing the marijuana that appellant said he took from Washington and that appellant gave the marijuana to Wheeler. The nine .40 caliber shell casings found at the crime scene were manufactured by the same company, Federal, that made the four unfired .40 caliber bullets found at appellant's apartment. Proof that appellant was at or near the crime scene at or about the time the crime occurred, coupled with the Price's account of the events, may well be enough to connect the appellant to the offense. See Dowhitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 249 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). Furthermore, evidence of flight evinces a consciousness of guilt, and, therefore, would tend to provide suspicious circumstances that is coupled with appellant's presence near the crime scene. See Bonner v. State, No. 14-04-00797-CR, 2005 WL 3435417, at *7 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 15, 2005, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (concluding that evidence of flight corroborated an accomplice's testimony). We conclude the evidence tends to connect appellant to the commission of murder in the course of robbing Washington. See Cathey, 992 S.W.2d at 462. Article 38.14 requires only some non-accomplice evidence tending to connect the defendant with the crime, not non-accomplice evidence for every element of the crime. Vasquez v. State, 56 S.W.3d 46, 48 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001). Therefore, we conclude that the non-accomplice evidence is sufficient to connect appellant to the offense of capital murder. See Bonner, 2005 WL 3435417, at *7. Accordingly, the evidence is sufficient to support appellant's conviction for capital murder. We overrule appellant's second issue.

B. Did the trial court err in denying appellant a requested jury instruction as to the lesser-included offense of murder?

In his fourth issue, appellant complains that the jury should have been instructed on the lesser-included offense of murder because there is no evidence of a robbery as required in a charge for capital murder.

An offense is a lesser[-]included offense if:

(1) it is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged;

(2) it differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less serious injury or risk of injury to the same person, property, or public interest suffices to establish its commission;

(3) it differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less culpable mental state suffices to establish its commission; or

(4) it consists of an attempt to commit the offense charged or an otherwise included offense.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.09 (Vernon 2006). A defendant is entitled to every defensive issue raised by the evidence. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 (Vernon 2007); Gowans v. State, 995 S.W.2d 787, 792 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. ref'd). To warrant a jury instruction on a lesser-included offense in the jury charge, a defendant must demonstrate that (1) the elements of the lesser offense are contained within the proof necessary to establish the charged offense as pleaded in the State's indictment, and (2) the record contains some evidence by which a jury rationally could conclude that if the defendant is guilty, the defendant is guilty of only the lesser offense and not the greater offense. See Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 535 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007) (applying "pleadings approach" as sole test in first step of determining whether a party is entitled to a lesser-offense instruction); Hayward v. State, 158 S.W.3d 476, 478 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005); Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 673 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993). We first ask the question that article 37.09(1) poses: Are the elements of the purported lesser-included offense "established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged"? See Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 536. The first prong of the test has been met because murder is necessarily a lesser-included offense of capital murder. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.03; McKinney v. State, 207 S.W.3d 366, 370 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006). We next determine, under the second prong, whether the record contains some evidence by which a jury rationally could conclude that if the defendant is guilty, the defendant is guilty of only the lesser offense and not the greater offense. See Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 535. Appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to show appellant caused Washington's death while in the course of committing a robbery. Proof of a completed robbery is not required to establish the underlying offense of robbery or attempted robbery. Bustamante, 106 S.W.3d at 740. To show attempted robbery, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant had specific intent to commit robbery either before or at the time of the murder. See Meeks v. State, 135 S.W.3d 104, 113 (Tex.App.-Texarkana pet. ref'd). In this case, and as discussed above in appellant's first and third issues, the State introduced evidence, through Price and Wheeler, from which the jury rationally could conclude that appellant possessed specific intent to obtain or maintain control of Washington's property either before or during the commission of the murder. See Bustamante, 106 S.W.3d at 741. Wheeler testified that she and appellant developed a plan to rob Washington. Price testified that appellant acknowledged that he shot Washington and showed the marijuana he took from Washington. As discussed above, the evidence is sufficient to support a conclusion that Washington's murder occurred in the course of the robbery. See Bustamante, 106 S.W.3d at 741. The requisite intent may be inferred from circumstantial evidence and from appellant's conduct. Wolfe v. State, 917 S.W.2d 270, 275 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). Given Wheeler's and Price's testimony, the jury rationally could conclude that appellant had specific intent to commit robbery. Therefore, there is no evidence in the record from which a rational finder of fact could have found that appellant was guilty of only the lesser-included offense of murder. See Dixon v. State, No. 14-07-00792-CR, 2008 WL 4917964, at *3 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 18, 2008, no pet. h.). Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in denying appellant's requested jury charge on the lesser-included offense of murder. See id. at *4. We overrule appellant's fourth issue.

C. Did the trial court err in admitting evidence of unadjudicated extraneous offenses?

In his fifth issue, appellant argues the trial court erred in admitting evidence of four unfired shell casings, a bag of marijuana, and a 9mm pistol recovered from appellant's possession or apartment following his arrest. We review a trial court's decision to admit or exclude evidence under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Mozon v. State, 991 S.W.2d 841, 847 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999); Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990) (op. on reh'g). Under this standard, we reverse only if the ruling is outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 391. Texas Rule of Evidence 404(b) permits extraneous-offense evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts if the evidence holds relevance apart from proving that the defendant acted in conformity with bad character. TEX. R. EVID. 404(b); Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 626 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003). A trial court violates Rule 404(b) if, despite a timely and specific objection, it admits evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts that is relevant to nothing except an attempt to show the defendant acted in conformity with a bad character. Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 386-87. Extraneous-offense evidence may be admitted for some purposes apart from relevance to character conformity, including proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident. TEX. R. EVID. 404(b); Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 387-88. However, to introduce evidence for a purpose other than character conformity, or any other purpose permitted under 404(b), does not alone make the evidence admissible. Rankin v. State, 974 S.W.2d 707, 709 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). The extraneous-offense evidence also must be relevant to a "fact of consequence" in the case. Id.; see TEX. R. EVID. 401 (concerning relevance). Evidence is relevant if it has "any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable than it would be without the evidence." TEX. R. EVID. 401; Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 375-76 (noting that relevant evidence needs only to "tend" to affect some probability or would logically influence the issue). In this case, the bullets were relevant as a "fact of consequence" to the case because the bullets found in appellant's apartment were the same caliber and manufactured by the same company as those found at the crime scene. See Quesada v. State, No. 04-04-00438-CR, 2006 WL 1993762, at *4 (mem. op., not designated for publication) (providing that possession of shell casing was not evidence of a crime and were admitted not for proof of bad character, but, in addition to admitting a picture of the murder weapon, to provide a connection to the murder weapon); see also Zarychta v. State, 44 S.W.3d 155, 167 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref'd) (noting that a store receipt for the same type of ammunition as used in a murder was corroborating evidence linking appellant to the murder). Possession of the casings is not indicative of illegal activity; however, the bullets provided a connection to the murder. See Quesada, 2006 WL 1993762, at *4. Moreover, the marijuana was relevant as a "fact of consequence" because Price's testimony at trial suggested that appellant took some marijuana from Washington, which could establish motive and corroborated Price's account of events after the murder. See TEX. R. EVID. 404(b) (allowing extraneous-offense evidence to prove motive); Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 387-88. Evidence by itself need not prove or disprove a particular fact of consequence; however, it is sufficient if the evidence, as in this case, provides a small nudge towards proving or disproving a fact of consequence. See Stewart v. State, 129 S.W.3d 93, 96 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). Evidence of both the bullets and the marijuana tends to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of this action more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. See TEX. R. EVID. 401; Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 375-76. Therefore, in this case, both the marijuana and bullets were relevant to proving or disproving a fact of consequence beyond mere action in conformity with bad character. See TEX. R. EVID. 404(b). Similarly, as discussed above, appellant demonstrated consciousness of guilt by fleeing and pointing the pistol at officers in an attempt to evade arrest. See Yost, 222 S.W.3d at 875. Because appellant fled and pointed the pistol at officers when they attempted to arrest him, the gun is admissible and relevant as a display of consciousness of guilt. See Madden v. State, 911 S.W.2d 236, 243 (Tex.App.-Waco, 1995 pet. ref'd) (admitting extraneous-offense evidence to show consciousness of guilt is exception to rule prohibiting admission of such evidence at trial). The extraneous-offense evidence of the pistol, unfired bullets, and marijuana were relevant apart from proving appellant's action in conformity therewith, and consequently that evidence is admissible extraneous-offense evidence under 404(b). TEX. R. EVID. 404(b); Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 387-88. For this reason, the trial court did not err in admitting the extraneous-offense evidence over appellant's 404(b) objections. See Moses, 105 S.W.3d at 627; Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 386-87. Under Rule of Evidence 403, even if relevant evidence is offered and admitted, a trial court nonetheless should exclude it from evidence if the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. TEX. R. EVID. 403; Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 387. Courts should balance the following factors under a Rule 403 analysis: (1) the strength of the evidence in making a fact more or less probable, (2) the potential of the extraneous-offense evidence to impress the jury in some irrational but indelible way, (3) the amount of time the proponent needed to develop the evidence, and (4) the strength of the proponent's need for this evidence to prove a fact of consequence. Mozon, 991 S.W.2d at 847. When, as in this case, the record is silent as to the trial court's balancing of these factors, we presume the trial court conducted the balancing test. See Williams v. State, 958 S.W.2d 186, 195-96 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). In considering the factors, the evidence tends to make some facts more or less probable. Moreover, it is unlikely that the jury was impressed in some indelible way by the admission of the pistol, the marijuana, or the bullets. The State did not emphasize the evidence beyond establishing facts surrounding appellant's arrest, nor did the State spend an inordinate amount of time developing the evidence despite the State's need to develop evidence in light of the circumstantial evidence of the case. In considering the overwhelming evidence of appellant's guilt, especially as reflected by Price's and Wheeler's testimony, it is unlikely that the evidence had anything more than a slight effect upon the jury's considerations. See Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 357 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002). A trial court's 403 ruling admitting extraneous-offense evidence must be upheld so long as it is "within the zone of reasonable disagreement." Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 391. In balancing the above factors, the prejudice from the extraneous-offense evidence does not outweigh its probative value. The trial court's ruling is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. See Moses, 105 S.W.3d at 626; Williams, 958 S.W.2d at 195-96. Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion under Rules 404(b) or 403 in admitting the extraneous-offense evidence. See Moses, 105 S.W.3d at 627. We overrule appellant's fifth issue. Having overruled each of appellant's five issues, we affirm the trial court's judgment.