Summary
In Lynn v. Lynn (supra) we dealt with the question of estoppel, concluding that, although the husband continued to pay alimony under the New York separation judgment after the rendering of the Nevada decree, there was no evidence that the wife relied on these payments to her detriment.
Summary of this case from Lappert v. LappertOpinion
Argued October 12, 1950
Decided March 8, 1951
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department, WALTER, J.
Herman A. Benjamin and Robert Satter for appellant.
Samuel Gottlieb, Walter P. Arenwald and Louis P. Neustein for respondent.
The primary question posed is whether the doctrine of "divisible divorce", heretofore enunciated and applied in cases where the out-of-state divorce decree was granted to the husband ex parte, is to be extended to cover situations where the wife appeared in the divorce proceedings.
Plaintiff and defendant, married in New York City in 1926, were separated by a decree of the Supreme Court of this state rendered in favor of plaintiff wife in January of 1942, upon findings that defendant had willfully abandoned her without cause or justification. The judgment also awarded plaintiff custody of the parties' only child, a girl then fourteen years old, and granted an allowance of $85 a week, subject to modification upon a showing of changed circumstances, for the support of plaintiff and the child.
Some fifteen months later, in April, 1943, the husband filed suit in Nevada for divorce on the ground of extreme cruelty. The wife appeared in the action both personally and by attorney, disputing not only his claim to a bona fide domicile in Nevada but contesting the suit on the merits. Following a trial, the court granted the husband a decree of divorce, upon findings that he was, and for more than six weeks had been, a bona fide resident of Reno, Nevada, and that the wife had been guilty of a course of conduct amounting to extreme cruelty subsequent to the date of the earlier New York separation judgment. The decree of the Nevada court made no provision for the support of the wife or child, and both its decision and decree recited that the wife had made no claim for alimony or support. The court, however, refused the husband's requests for a finding that the wife had waived all claim for such relief and for a conclusion of law that it be denied to her.
Shortly after the granting of the Nevada divorce, the husband returned to New York City and married another woman. He nevertheless continued to pay plaintiff the $85 a week called for by the earlier New York judgment, and for such amounts took the benefit of tax deductions in connection with his federal and state income taxes.
In June of 1948, plaintiff, by motion entitled in the New York suit, applied for an order amending the final judgment of separation. Claiming that defendant's income had substantially increased since 1942, she sought to have the alimony increased from $85 to $200 a week. Defendant opposed the application on the ground, among others, that the Nevada divorce decree operated to deprive plaintiff of any right to alimony.
The court at Special Term denied plaintiff's application, holding that the Nevada divorce terminated the obligation to pay alimony imposed by the New York judgment. The Appellate Division, by a three to two vote, reversed, holding that the New York alimony judgment continued valid, upon the grounds (1) that the New York courts were not required to give full faith and credit to the Nevada decree because the Nevada court had failed to give full faith and credit to the New York judgment; (2) that, by expressly refraining from passing on the matter of the husband's obligation of support, the Nevada court left in full force and effect the alimony provisions of the New York judgment; and (3) that the husband was estopped from pleading the Nevada decree as res judicata on the question of alimony.
The Appellate Division granted defendant leave to appeal to this court and certified two questions of law: the first asks whether plaintiff's New York separation judgment survived defendant's Nevada decree of divorce, and the second — as we interpret it (see Hession v. Sari Corp., 283 N.Y. 262, 264; see, also, Cohen, The Powers of the New York Court of Appeals, § 82) — whether the court at Special Term had the power to grant plaintiff's application to amend her separation decree so as to provide for an increase in alimony. Since the appeal presents questions affecting the rights of plaintiff wife alone, we neither consider nor treat the rights of the child of the parties, who has apparently attained her majority. (Cf. Johnson v. Muelberger, 340 U.S. 581.)
The "divisible divorce", anomalous though it may at first appear, has become a recognized concept; it is now familiar law that a divorce decree may be completely effective to dissolve a marriage and yet completely ineffectual to alter certain legal and economic incidents of that marriage. (See Estin v. Estin, 296 N.Y. 308, affd. 334 U.S. 541; Kreiger v. Kreiger, 297 N.Y. 530, affd. 334 U.S. 555; Barber v. Barber, 21 How. [U.S.] 582.) With that in mind, we turn to the case before us.
The Nevada decree rendered in favor of the husband unquestionably and validly put an end to the parties' marital status; since plaintiff appeared and participated in the Nevada action, she may not in this state relitigate the issue of domicile or the jurisdiction of the Nevada court to grant the divorce. (See Johnson v. Muelberger, supra, 340 U.S. 581; Sherrer v. Sherrer, 334 U.S. 343; Coe v. Coe, 334 U.S. 378; Davis v. Davis, 305 U.S. 32; Senor v. Senor, 297 N.Y. 800; Matter of Rhinelander, 290 N.Y. 31, 36-37; Glaser v. Glaser, 276 N.Y. 296.) And even if we were to accept the view of the Appellate Division that the Nevada court, in decreeing the divorce, failed to give appropriate effect to the adjudication made in the New York action, the courts of this state would still be required to accord full faith and credit to the Nevada decree. Nevada's asserted denial of full faith does not justify or permit retaliation by any other state. As the decisions make plain, plaintiff's only remedy to correct the alleged error was by direct appeal from the Nevada judgment through the Nevada courts and, if necessary, to the Supreme Court of the United States. (See Morris v. Jones, 329 U.S. 545, 552; Treinies v. Sunshine Mining Co., 308 U.S. 66, 77; Roche v. McDonald, 275 U.S. 449, 455; Fauntleroy v. Lum, 210 U.S. 230, 237; see, also, Estin v. Estin, supra, 296 N.Y. 308, 312, affd. 334 U.S. 541; Restatement, Judgments, § 42, Comment a, p. 165.)
The question, however, remains whether the Nevada decree also effectively ended the obligation of support imposed upon the husband by the earlier New York judgment of separation.
In both Estin v. Estin ( supra, 296 N.Y. 308) and Kreiger v. Kreiger ( supra, 297 N.Y. 530), we held that a divorce decree granted in Nevada against a wife, not domiciled in that state, who was not served with process there and who did not appear in the action, was ineffectual to cancel the alimony provision of a prior New York judgment of separation. Although the Nevada court had jurisdiction to grant the husband a decree of dissolution of the marriage, and its judgment was entitled to recognition to that extent, we held that, since it lacked jurisdiction of the person of the wife, it was without power to adjudicate upon, or interfere with, her right to alimony under the New York judgment. That was also the basis of the subsequent affirmance by the Supreme Court. ( Estin v. Estin, supra, 334 U.S. 541; Kreiger v. Kreiger, supra, 334 U.S. 555; see, also, Griffin v. Griffin, 327 U.S. 220, 228-229.) In the Estin case, Chief Judge LOUGHRAN, writing for a unanimous court, analyzed the law on the subject in this way (296 N Y, at pp. 312-313): "A divorce decree (whether foreign or domestic) granted by a court having jurisdiction of the persons of both parties may very well be held to override any incongruous alimony provision of an earlier domestic judgment of separation. (See Scheinwald v. Scheinwald, 231 App. Div. 757; Richards v. Richards, 87 Misc. 134, affd. 167 App. Div. 922; Holmes v. Holmes, 155 F.2d 737.) But the res judicata principle of the cases just cited — that as between two conflicting adjudications the last must control — has no application where, as in the present case, the court which granted the last judgment was without jurisdiction of the person of the defendant (cf. Miller v. Miller, 200 Iowa 1193; Wagster v. Wagster, 193 Ark. 902; 2 Freeman on Judgments [5th ed.], § 629)."
In the present case, however, the Nevada court had jurisdiction of the wife's person by reason of her appearance and, consequently, it did have power to determine her right to alimony. If that tribunal had expressly passed upon the matter of alimony and had either denied an allowance to the wife or awarded her a sum less than that fixed in the New York judgment, there would be no doubt that the Nevada decree would be controlling over the inconsistent provision of the New York judgment. Since that would be the effect given in Nevada to such a judgment when rendered by a court having jurisdiction of the wife's person (see Herrick v. Herrick, 55 Nev. 59, 68; Lagemann v. Lagemann, 65 Nev. 373, rehearing denied 65 Nev. 385, appeal dismissed 336 U.S. 932; see, also, Estin v. Estin, supra, 334 U.S. 541, 547), the command of the full faith and credit clause, as implemented by congressional legislation, would require us to give it like effect in this state. (U.S. Const., art. IV, § 1; U.S. Code, tit. 28, § 1738; see Magnolia Petroleum Co. v. Hunt, 320 U.S. 430, 438; see, also, Scheinwald v. Scheinwald, 231 App. Div. 757; Burton v. Burton, 150 App. Div. 790; Davis v. Davis, 114 F.2d 492.)
Controlling effect must likewise be given to the Nevada decree in this case insofar as the matter of alimony is concerned, even though it makes no provision for alimony and even though the wife made no claim for any support in the action. Study of the few relevant Nevada decisions establishes the law of that state to be not only that a divorce decree overrides a prior support judgment or order (see Herrick v. Herrick, supra, 55 Nev. 59, 68), but that the question of alimony is one of the issues to be disposed of in the divorce action itself, and that, in the absence of an alimony award in the decree, or a reservation of jurisdiction, "there can be no grant of alimony after such a divorce". ( Sweeney v. Sweeney, 42 Nev. 431, 438.) In the latter respect, the Nevada law is in accord both with the law of this state (see Hoops v. Hoops, 292 N.Y. 428; Kamp v. Kamp, 59 N.Y. 212; see, also, Schuylkill Fuel Corp. v. Nieberg Realty Corp., 250 N.Y. 304, 306) and with the general current of authority. (See 2 Freeman on Judgments [5th ed.], § 911, pp. 1915-1916.) The underlying rationale is that the divorce judgment breaks the marriage tie and thereby "cuts off and forbids in the future" any rights or obligations having their root in the marriage relation ( Matter of Ensign, 103 N.Y. 284, 289); by that token, no right of support can survive except as awarded by the final decree of divorce or by an authorized amendment to such decree. (See Hoops v. Hoops, supra, 292 N.Y. 428; Wilson v. Hinman, 182 N.Y. 408, 411; Livingston v. Livingston, 173 N.Y. 377, 381.) In that view, it is immaterial that the wife made no claim for alimony in the divorce suit. (See Howell v. Howell, 104 Cal. 45; Spain v. Spain, 177 Iowa 249; Herbert v. Herbert, 221 Mo. App. 201; Kelkenney v. Getsey, 137 Neb. 416; Weidman v. Weidman, 57 Ohio St. 101.)
As long as the court in the divorce action had personal jurisdiction of both parties, its decree, as rendered or as subsequently modified, must be taken to determine the husband's obligation of support, and the failure to grant alimony is properly treated as the equivalent of a denial of such relief. (See, e.g., Holmes v. Holmes, 155 F.2d 737.) It follows, then, that the alimony provisions of a prior judgment of separation must yield to the overriding effect of the divorce decree. (See Harris v. Harris, 197 App. Div. 646; Richards v. Richards, 87 Misc. 134, affd. 167 App. Div. 922; Gibson v. Gibson, 81 Misc. 508; Cohen v. Cohen, 319 Mass. 31.)
In the light of reason and authority, therefore, we deem it clear that the recitals in the Nevada decision and decree that the wife sought no alimony do not serve to keep alive the New York alimony judgment. Those recitals may perhaps serve as a basis for concluding that the Nevada court impliedly reserved jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the question of alimony at a future time. In that event, the Nevada court would be empowered to amend its decree, so as to provide for payment of alimony, at any time after its rendition, without regard to the usual limitations period prescribed by the rules of that court (Rules of Nevada District Court, rule XLV) for securing amendments or modifications of its judgments or orders. (See Aseltine v. Second Judicial Dist. Ct., 57 Nev. 269; Schneider v. Second Judicial Dist. Ct., 64 Nev. 26.) However, whether jurisdiction has thus been reserved by implication, whether the wife should be given an allowance for support by way of modification of the divorce decree, are, of course, matters for the Nevada court alone to decide. (See Schacht v. Schacht, 295 N.Y. 439; Hoyt v. Hoyt, 265 App. Div. 223.) At any rate, a reservation of jurisdiction, if one there was, neither keeps alive the alimony provisions of the New York separation decree nor furnishes basis for inferring that the Nevada court intended to leave the matter of support for decision by the court of some other jurisdiction.
Flood v. Thiesing ( 273 App. Div. 548, affd. 298 N.Y. 700), upon which reliance is placed, neither states nor suggests any contrary rule or conclusion; it is enough to note — though other grounds of distinction are present — that that case involved a separation agreement, which, it is settled, may survive divorce. (See Goldman v. Goldman, 282 N.Y. 296, 305; Galusha v. Galusha, 116 N.Y. 635, 138 N.Y. 272; Van Horn v. Van Horn, 196 App. Div. 472.)
We consider, finally, whether defendant is estopped from denying the subsistence of the New York alimony judgment.
An estoppel, it has been said, "rests upon the word or deed of one party upon which another rightfully relies and so relying changes his position to his injury." ( Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Childs Co., 230 N.Y. 285, 292.) The Appellate Division held defendant estopped because his continued payments of alimony caused plaintiff to change her position to her injury, by inducing her not to apply to the Nevada court — within the time allegedly allowed by that court's rules — for a modification so as to include a provision for alimony. It is dubious whether plaintiff could, under any circumstances, "rightfully" rely upon the continued payments as an interpretation of the Nevada decree by defendant. But, quite apart from that, there is no evidence that plaintiff was either misled by such conduct of defendant or that she relied upon it, and, as a matter of fact, plaintiff made no such claim of reliance in the courts below. Manifestly, an essential element of estoppel was lacking. (See Byrne v. Barrett, 268 N.Y. 199, 208; Wills v. Investors Bankstocks Corp., 257 N.Y. 451, 458; Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Childs Co., supra, 230 N.Y. 285, 292-293.) Plaintiff did, though, assert an estoppel upon the ground that defendant, in filing income tax returns, deducted the alimony payments made by him after the Nevada decree had been granted. Since such deductions are allowed only for payments made pursuant to a decree (Internal Revenue Code, § 22, subd. [k]; § 23, subd. [u]; U.S. Code, tit. 26; Tax Law, § 359, subd. 8; § 360, subd. 17), it is urged that defendant must be taken to have conclusively acknowledged the continued effectiveness of the New York alimony judgment. Here, too, however, is lacking any adequate showing that plaintiff was prejudiced by defendant's conduct. (See Rothschild v. Title Guar. Trust Co., 204 N.Y. 458, 464.) Her contention that injury stemmed from the fact that the payments deducted from defendant's income as alimony payments thereby became taxable as income to her will not stand analysis. In the first place, plaintiff was not concluded by defendant's characterization of the payments in his tax returns, and, in the second place, she cannot possibly complain if defendant made payments to her, which he was not obligated to make, either gratuitously or under a mistake of law.
That we reach a result in the case before us different from that in Estin v. Estin and Kreiger v. Kreiger merely because of the added circumstance that Mrs. Lynn chose to appear and participate in the proceedings in Nevada, may seem to some inequitable. The explanation, though, is clear and decisive. The additional factor present in this case operated to give the Nevada court jurisdiction of the wife's person and, by that token, vested that tribunal with power to adjudicate the wife's right of support as well as the parties' marital status. That being so, our conclusion is here compelled by the command of the full faith and credit clause, for, as the Supreme Court has recently declared ( Sherrer v. Sherrer, supra, 334 U.S. 343, 355), "If in its application local policy must at times be required to give way, such `is part of the price of our federal system.' Williams v. North Carolina, 317 U.S. 287, 302".
The order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, and that of Special Term affirmed, without costs. The first question certified should be answered in the negative and the second question, read as we interpret it ( supra, p. 200), should also be answered in the negative.
LOUGHRAN, Ch. J., LEWIS, CONWAY, DESMOND, DYE and FROESSEL, JJ., concur.
Ordered accordingly.