Opinion
23-CV-1104 (HG)
09-01-2023
YUBING LUO, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION SERVICES, Defendant.
MEMORANDUM & ORDER
HECTOR GONZALEZ, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE:
Plaintiff commenced this lawsuit because she applied for asylum more than two-and-a-half years ago but has not received a decision or even an interview to assess her application. ECF No. 1. Defendant has moved to dismiss Plaintiff's complaint, arguing both that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over her claims and, alternatively, that Plaintiff fails to state a claim. ECF No. 7. For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds that it has subject matter jurisdiction but dismisses Plaintiff's complaint in full, without leave to amend, for failure to state a claim, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiff applied to Defendant for asylum in October 2020. ECF No. 1 at 4. After not receiving a decision on her application, she filed this lawsuit on February 9, 2023, and her application has now been pending for a little more than two-and-a-half years. Id. Plaintiff has asked the Court to “provide the mandamus . . . to the USCIS.” Id. The Court interprets Plaintiff's statement as a request for relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1361, which provides that “[t]he district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any action in the nature of mandamus to compel an officer or employee of the United States or any agency thereof to perform a duty owed to the plaintiff.” Additionally, in deference to Plaintiff's pro se status, even though her complaint does not reference the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), the Court interprets Plaintiff's complaint as also asserting a claim pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 706(1), which authorizes district courts to “compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed.”
Defendant filed a pre-motion letter requesting permission to move to dismiss Plaintiff's complaint, asserting both that the Court lacks jurisdiction to grant Plaintiff the relief she seeks and also that Plaintiff fails to state a claim even if the Court has jurisdiction. ECF No. 7. In that motion, Defendant explains that it adjudicates asylum applications on a last-in-first-out (“LIFO”) basis in order to deter frivolous applications by denying them quickly since asylum seekers whose applications have been pending for more than 180 days are permitted to receive work authorization in the United States while their application is pending. See id. at 1-2. Defendant acknowledges that using the LIFO method causes asylum seekers with older applications to wait longer for a decision. Id. However, Defendant also makes available an administrative process through which asylum seekers can request to expedite their application. Id. at 2. Defendant asserts that Plaintiff has not submitted such a request, see id., and Plaintiff has not asserted that she has done so in her complaint, see ECF No. 1.
Defendant explains that it historically adjudicated asylum applications on a LIFO basis and resumed doing so in 2018, after temporarily adjudicating applications on a first-in-first-out (“FIFO”) basis between 2014 and 2018. See ECF No. 7 at 2-3; see also USCIS to Take Action to Address Asylum Backlog, U.S. CITIZENSHIP & IMMIGRATION SERVS. (last visited September 1, 2023), https://perma.cc/85WE-WEN2. Defendant claims that the temporary adoption of the FIFO adjudication method led to “frivolous applications surg[ing], banking on new [applications] lying unreviewed for years while applicants received coveted [work authorizations].” ECF No. 7 at 2.
See also How to Make an Expedite Request, U.S. CITIZENSHIP & IMMIGRATION SERVS. (last visited September 1, 2023), https://perma.cc/AF6Z-EUAD.
Upon receiving Defendant's pre-motion letter, the Court ordered Plaintiff to “file a response to Defendant's pre-motion conference letter . . . on or before May 31, 2023.” ECF No. 8. The Court subsequently provided Plaintiff with an extension until June 20, 2023, and directed Plaintiff to “address Defendant's allegation that Plaintiff has not submitted a formal request to USCIS to be scheduled for an interview outside of the priority order.” Text Order dated May 30, 2023. On July 5, 2023, the Court warned Plaintiff that “in light of [her] failures to respond, the Court will take under consideration whether it has the authority to grant Plaintiff any relief related to her asylum application based solely on Defendant's current [pre-motion conference] letter.” Text Order dated July 5, 2023. As of the date of this Order, Plaintiff has not filed any response.
Neither party has asked for permission to brief the merits of Plaintiff's claims any further. The Court therefore finds it appropriate to decide Defendant's proposed motion to dismiss based solely on Defendant's pre-motion letter, especially because, as demonstrated by the numerous cases cited in the remainder of this decision, other courts within the Second Circuit regularly dismiss undue delay lawsuits filed by asylum applicants similarly situated to Plaintiff, thereby showing that Plaintiff's complaint “clearly lack[s] merit.” See Int'l Code Council, Inc. v. UpCodes Inc., 43 F.4th 46, 54 (2d Cir. 2022) (describing the circumstances in which district courts may decide proposed motions based on pre-motion letters).
Unless noted, case law quotations in this order accept all alterations and omit internal quotation marks, citations, and footnotes.
LEGAL STANDARD
A complaint must plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim is plausible ‘when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.'” Matson v. Bd. of Educ., 631 F.3d 57, 63 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). Although all allegations contained in a complaint are assumed to be true, this tenet is “inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. However, a pro se complaint “must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). The Court's obligation “to construe a pro se complaint liberally” continues to apply “[e]ven after Twombly” established the plausibility standard for assessing pleadings. Newsome v. Bogan, 795 Fed.Appx. 72, 72 (2d Cir. 2020).
On a motion to dismiss, “[d]istrict [c]ourts may take judicial notice of facts ‘not subject to reasonable dispute' when they ‘can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.'” Kravitz v. Tavlarios, No. 20-cv-2579, 2021 WL 5365582, at *3 (2d Cir. Nov. 18, 2021) (quoting Fed.R.Evid. 201(b)(2)) (affirming dismissal of complaint and propriety of district court taking judicial notice of certain documents). The Court's ability to take judicial notice of documents extends to “documents from official government websites.” Rynasko v. N.Y. Univ., 63 F.4th 186, 191 n.4 (2d Cir. 2023).
By applying these criteria, the Court takes judicial notice of the facts that Defendant adjudicates asylum applications on a LIFO basis and makes available a process through which asylum seekers can request to expedite their applications. Both of these facts are related to the asylum process, as described on government websites, and are not subject to reasonable dispute.Nor has Plaintiff attempted to dispute them.
See USCIS to Take Action to Address Asylum Backlog, U.S. CITIZENSHIP & IMMIGRATION SERVS. (last visited September 1, 2023), https://perma.cc/85WE-WEN2; How to Make an Expedite Request, U.S. CITIZENSHIP & IMMIGRATION SERVS. (last visited September 1, 2023), https://perma.cc/AF6Z-EUAD.
DISCUSSION
I. The Court Has Subject Matter Jurisdiction to Decide Plaintiff's Claims
As a threshold issue, the Court determines that it has subject matter jurisdiction to address both Plaintiff's mandamus claim and her implicit claim for undue delay pursuant to the APA. The asylum process is governed in part by 8 U.S.C. § 1158, which says that “in the absence of exceptional circumstances, the initial interview or hearing on the asylum application shall commence not later than 45 days after the date an application is filed.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d)(5)(A)(ii). Once that interview has taken place, the statute provides, once again “in the absence of exceptional circumstances,” that “final administrative adjudication of the asylum application, not including administrative appeal, shall be completed within 180 days after the date an application is filed.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii). However, that same subsection of the statute contains a provision entitled “[n]o private right of action,” which says that “[n]othing in this subsection shall be construed to create any substantive or procedural right or benefit that is legally enforceable by any party against the United States or its agencies or officers or any other person.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d)(7).
Although the provision of the asylum statute that disclaims any private right of action may appear at first glance to be a jurisdiction-stripping provision, its language is not as strong as another provision of the same statute, which clearly does strip the federal courts' jurisdiction to address other issues. That separate provision expressly says that “[n]o court shall have jurisdiction to review” various asylum-related decisions by the Attorney General, such as decisions to remove an asylum applicant to another country to apply for asylum there, to excuse an asylum applicant from the one-year deadline that applies to submitting an asylum application, and to excuse an asylum applicant from the typical prohibition against submitting a second asylum application. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3). This jurisdiction-stripping provision refers only to these determinations made by the Attorney General under subsection (a) of the asylum statute and not to the target deadlines by which Defendant intends to adjudicate asylum applications under subsection (d). See id.
When reading the “[n]o private right of action” provision in 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d)(7) in contrast with the express jurisdiction-stripping provision in 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3), it becomes clear that Congress knew how to write an unambiguous jurisdiction-stripping provision. By contrast, the former provision appears to have been designed only to preclude asylum applicants from bringing lawsuits to enforce the specific 45-day deadline for receiving an interview and the 180-day deadline for receiving a decision. The Court joins the multiple courts in the Second Circuit that have reached this interpretation and, therefore, held that 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d)(7) does not strip the federal courts' jurisdiction to decide mandamus or APA claims based on assertions that asylum applications have remained pending long after those statutory deadlines. Hu v. Sessions, No. 18-cv-2248, 2020 WL 7486681, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 17, 2020); Liu v. Wolf, No. 19-cv-410, 2020 WL 2836426, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. May 30, 2020); De Oliveira v. Barr, No. 19-cv-1508, 2020 WL 1941231, at *2-3 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 22, 2020); Ruan v. Wolf, No. 19-cv-4063, 2020 WL 639127, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 11, 2020); Xu v. Cissna, 434 F.Supp.3d 43, 52 (S.D.N.Y. 2020). In other words, asylum applicants may not compel compliance with these statutory deadlines, but they may still file lawsuits in federal court asserting that prolonged delays in their asylum applications have become unreasonable.
II. Plaintiff's Claims Fail on the Merits
Even though the Court has subject matter jurisdiction to consider Plaintiff's mandamus claim, her mandamus claim fails on the merits. “Mandamus may be awarded only if the plaintiff proves that (1) there is a clear right to the relief sought; (2) the Government has a plainly defined and peremptory duty to perform the act in question; and (3) there is no other adequate remedy available.” Benzman v. Whitman, 523 F.3d 119, 132-33 (2d Cir. 2008) (affirming dismissal of plaintiffs' mandamus claim because it “duplicate[d] the APA count” in plaintiffs' complaint); see also De Oliveira, 2020 WL 1941231, at *4 (applying same three-part mandamus test articulated in Benzman to plaintiffs' allegations that decisions on asylum applications were unduly delayed); Liu, 2020 WL 2836426, at *10 (same). The Court need not even consider whether Plaintiff has satisfied the first two requirements because the availability of a cause of action under 5 U.S.C. § 706(1), authorizing a court to “compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed,” means that Plaintiff has an adequate alternative remedy under the APA. Liu, 2020 WL 2836426, at *10 (holding that “mandamus relief [wa]s not available” because “an alternative adequate remedy [was] possible under the APA”). This is true even though, as further explained below, Plaintiff's APA claim also fails on the merits. Id. (dismissing both APA and mandamus claims).
To assess whether Plaintiff has a claim under the APA, the Court will consider the factors described in Telecommunications Rsch. & Action Ctr. v. FCC, 750 F.2d 70, 80 (D.C. Cir. 1984), which the Second Circuit has said “set[s] forth [a] test for determining if agency action is unreasonably delayed.” Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. FDA, 710 F.3d 71, 84 (2d Cir. 2013). Courts within the Second Circuit, referring to these as the “TRAC factors,” have used them in the specific context of assessing whether Defendant has delayed too long in deciding an asylum application. See, e.g., De Oliveira, 2020 WL 1941231, at *4; Xu, 434 F.Supp.3d at 51. The applicable factors are:
(i) the time agencies take to make decisions must be governed by a rule of reason; (ii) where Congress has provided a timetable, it may supply content for this rule of
reason; (iii) delays that might be reasonable in the sphere of economic regulation are less tolerable when human health and welfare are at stake; (iv) the effect of expediting delayed action on agency activities of a higher or competing priority; (v) the nature and extent of the interests prejudiced by delay; and (vi) the court need not find any impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude in order to hold that agency action is unreasonably delayed.Xu, 434 F.Supp.3d at 51. A party may prevail even without demonstrating that all of these factors weigh in that party's favor. For example, “a court may refuse to grant relief, even though all the other factors considered in TRAC favor it, where a judicial order putting the petitioner at the head of the queue would simply move all others back one space and produce no net gain.” Zhang v. Wolf, No. 19-cv-5370, 2020 WL 5878255, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2020) (declining to compel decision on asylum application).
The relevant factors weigh against granting Plaintiff any relief under the APA. Multiple courts within the Second Circuit have held that Defendant's decision to adjudicate asylum applications on a LIFO basis, in order to deter fraud and abuse by quickly disposing of unmeritorious applications, is an appropriate “rule of reason.” Zhang, 2020 WL 5878255, at *4; Liu, 2020 WL 2836426, at *8; Chen v. Wolf, No. 19-cv-9951, 2020 WL 6825681, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 20, 2020). Plaintiff's complaint has not alleged any other potential cause for the delayed decision on Plaintiff's application, see ECF No. 1, so the Court declines to infer any impropriety associated with the delay. Although Defendant has far exceeded the statutory timetable for granting Plaintiff an interview within 45 days and deciding her application within 180 days, that timetable is “not mandatory” in light of Congress's decision expressly to preclude applicants from bringing a private right of action to enforce it, and the Court therefore “does not ascribe much significance to this timetable.” Xu, 434 F.Supp.3d at 53. In fact, courts within the Second Circuit have declined to compel decisions on asylum applications that have been pending far longer than the approximately 32 months that Plaintiff has been waiting. Hu, 2020 WL 7486681, at *1 (declining to compel decision on asylum application that had been pending for five years and dismissing complaint); Liu, 2020 WL 2836426, at *1 (declining to compel decisions on asylum applications that had been pending for more than four-and-a-half years and dismissing complaint); Xu, 434 F.Supp.3d at 48 (declining to compel decision on asylum application that had been pending for four years and dismissing complaint).
Ordering Defendant to adjudicate Plaintiff's application would result in Defendant simply prioritizing Plaintiff's application over other applicants, who may have been waiting even longer for a decision and are at least “equally deserving of prompt adjudication,” thereby producing “no net gain” for the asylum system overall. Xu, 434 F.Supp.3d at 54-55. Multiple courts have held that granting relief is improper under such circumstances. Id.; Yang, 2021 WL 5879033, at *1 (declining to compel adjudication of asylum application because “it just wouldn't be fair to applicants who have been waiting longer than a plaintiff just because the plaintiff has chosen to sue”); Gong v. Duke, 282 F.Supp.3d 566, 569 (E.D.N.Y. 2017) (declining to compel adjudication of asylum application because “the only difference between” plaintiff and other applicants was “that plaintiff has brought a federal lawsuit”).
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Court hereby GRANTS Defendant's motion to dismiss and dismisses Plaintiff's complaint in full. See ECF No. 7. Although the dismissal is with prejudice, in the sense that the Court is not permitting Plaintiff to amend her complaint to make another attempt to assert her claims, this decision does not preclude Plaintiff from bringing a new lawsuit in the future, pursuant to the APA, if Defendant continues to delay in adjudicating her application to a point that the delay eventually becomes unreasonable.
The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to enter judgment, to close this case, and to mail a copy of this Order and the forthcoming judgment to the pro se Plaintiff. The Clerk of Court shall also send Plaintiff copies of the unpublished decisions referenced in this order in accordance with the Second Circuit's decision in Lebron v. Sanders, 557 F.3d 76 (2d Cir. 2009). SO ORDERED.