Summary
In Luna, id. at 181, the parent that was restricted from engaging in parenting time had been restricted for several years, unlike the situation here where defendant was deprived of parenting time (except for sporadic phone calls) for just over a year before the decision was issued.
Summary of this case from O'Brien v. D'AnnunzioOpinion
No. 343382
10-18-2018
WILLIAM L. LUNA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CARRIE MARIE REGNIER, Defendant-Appellant.
FOR PUBLICATION Tuscola Circuit Court Family Division
LC No. 10-026086-DC Advance Sheets Version Before: O'BRIEN, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and FORT HOOD, JJ. PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right the trial court's order suspending her parenting time. We affirm the trial court's suspension of parenting time, but we remand for the trial court to conduct periodic hearings to determine whether reinstituting parenting time would be in the children's best interests.
Defendant and plaintiff were never married, but lived together as a family unit with their children, CR, ZR, and DR. In January 2010, defendant traveled to Florida for approximately six months to assist her two sons from a previous relationship. The children remained in plaintiff's care in Michigan. In May 2010, defendant returned to Michigan to retrieve the children and take them back to Florida with her. The children had been living with defendant in Florida for approximately six weeks when plaintiff initiated this custody action, procured an ex parte custody order, and retrieved the children from Florida. Defendant returned to Michigan in September 2010 to find the children living in "deplorable and unsanitary conditions" with plaintiff, and defendant reported this to Children's Protective Services (CPS). A child protective proceeding was initiated against plaintiff, and the children were placed in foster care. Plaintiff entered a plea with respect to the allegations in the petition. A dispositional order indicates that defendant was granted supervised parenting time and was ordered to cooperate with the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), which imposed a treatment plan that included counseling, a psychological evaluation, and services for parenting skills. A supplemental petition was filed on March 16, 2011, that included defendant as a respondent based on concerns regarding her emotional stability and parental visitations, and explained that defendant was not compliant with services.
CR turned 18 during the pendency of this case and is no longer subject to the court's jurisdiction.
Although defendant was not a respondent in the child protective proceedings, she came under the family court's jurisdiction because of the now-defunct "one-parent doctrine." See In re Sanders, 495 Mich 394, 421-423; 852 NW2d 524 (2014).
The children were returned to plaintiff's custody in September 2011, and he filed for temporary custody. Defendant objected and a hearing was held in November 2011; defendant was not present. At the hearing, the foster care worker testified that she believed that it was in the children's best interests to remain in plaintiff's custody. At the conclusion of the hearing, plaintiff was awarded sole legal and physical custody of the children and defendant was granted two hours of supervised parenting time per week, which was consistent with the parenting time that she had been granted in the child protective proceeding. In March 2012, the DHHS successfully moved to suspend defendant's visitation, alleging that she had missed visits and that her "inconsistency and unpredictability" was damaging to the children. On November 13, 2012, the trial court terminated defendant's parental rights, largely on the basis of her noncompliance with services. This Court affirmed, but our Supreme Court remanded the case to the trial court on the basis of the Supreme Court's abolition of the "one-parent doctrine" in In re Sanders, 495 Mich 394; 852 NW2d 524 (2014). The DHHS subsequently withdrew its petition, and defendant's parental rights were reinstated in June 2015.
In re Regnier, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued July 23, 2013 (Docket No. 313657).
In re Reginier [sic], 497 Mich 975 (2015).
Plaintiff filed a petition to suspend parenting time, explaining that the children had not seen defendant in three years, did not want to see her, and would "act out in frustration" at the mention of their mother. The trial court spoke to the children in chambers, and they "adamantly" expressed that they did not wish to spend any time with defendant. The trial court entered a temporary parenting-time order granting defendant two hours of parenting time per week for two weeks and then four hours per week after that.
The evidentiary hearing continued in November 2015. The children's guardian ad litem (GAL) testified that the children expressed to her that they did not want to see defendant and were "struggling" with parenting time. She reported that the children had been "bolting" into the woods in order to avoid spending time with defendant. She was unsure why the children felt so negatively about their mother, and she recommended that the children remain in therapy and that defendant eventually be integrated into that therapy. Plaintiff's neighbors testified that in their opinion, the children lived in a bad environment, full of questionable people, and that the children suffered from a lack of discipline and supervision.
In December 2015, the GAL moved to suspend defendant's parenting time because the children's negative behaviors were increasing and intensifying as visitation continued. According to the GAL, the children's counselors also believed that it would be beneficial to suspend parenting time because the stress and anxiety it caused the children negatively affected their progress on other mental, social, and educational issues. The trial court granted the GAL's motion, and defendant has not been allowed any parenting time since.
Defendant subsequently requested that the trial court rescind the order suspending her parenting time. At a hearing in May 2016, a therapist, who was referred to the family by CPS, testified that she worked with plaintiff and the children from October 2015 until February 2016 to assist with parenting, family building, and therapy. She said that when her involvement began there were problems in the home with positive parenting skills, budgeting, and hygiene, and concerns regarding visitation with defendant. The children "expressed dislike for the biological mother" and informed her that they were running away from parenting visits. The hearing was adjourned because defendant wanted to have psychological evaluations performed on the children. In the fall of 2017, after several delays arising from disagreements between the parties concerning the evaluations, DR and ZR underwent neurodevelopmental trauma assessments, which were submitted to the court. Their respective counselors also reviewed the assessments and rendered opinion letters to the court.
The trial court found that the children had an established custodial environment with plaintiff. After considering the best-interest factors in MCL 722.23, the trial court concluded that it was "convinced by clear and convincing evidence that parenting time should be completely suspended" because "contact with mother may be harmful to the children's mental and emotional health at the present time." The trial court entered an order indicating that parenting time was suspended until the minor children requested contact with defendant. Defendant now appeals as of right.
Defendant first argues that there was insufficient evidence for the trial court to determine by clear and convincing evidence that parenting time with defendant would endanger the children's mental or emotional health. We disagree.
"Orders concerning parenting time must be affirmed on appeal unless the trial court's findings were against the great weight of the evidence, the court committed a palpable abuse of discretion, or the court made a clear legal error on a major issue." Shade v Wright, 291 Mich App 17, 20-21; 805 NW2d 1 (2010) (quotation marks and citation omitted). "The child's best interests govern a court's decision regarding parenting time." Id. at 31. "It is presumed to be in the best interests of a child for the child to have a strong relationship with both of his or her parents." MCL 722.27a(1). Therefore, "parenting time shall be granted to a parent in a frequency, duration, and type reasonably calculated to promote a strong relationship between the child and the parent granted parenting time." Id. However, if "it is shown on the record by clear and convincing evidence that [parenting time] would endanger the child's physical, mental, or emotional health" the court need not order parenting time. MCL 722.27a(3).
A parent seeking to modify a parenting-time order must first establish that there is proper cause or a change in circumstances warranting the modification. Lieberman v Orr, 319 Mich App 68, 81; 900 NW2d 130 (2017). The trial court found that throughout the past three years there had been an "ongoing change of circumstances warranting the Court to proceed with a determination . . . ." The parties do not dispute this finding. Further, "[i]n a parenting-time matter, when the proposed change would not affect the established custodial environment, the movant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the change is in the best interests of the child." Id. at 84. The trial court found that the suspension of parenting time would not affect the established custodial environment. The parties also do not dispute this finding on appeal. --------
In rendering its decision, the trial court conducted a lengthy analysis of the best-interest factors from MCL 722.23; the trial court also considered the children's trauma assessments and their counselors' opinion letters. After review of these confidential records, this Court concludes that the trial court's finding was not against the great weight of the evidence because the facts do not "clearly preponderate in the opposite direction." Shade, 291 Mich App at 21.
In regard to ZR, our review indicates that forced parenting time, especially in light of ZR's strongly expressed preference that he be allowed to consider a relationship with defendant in the future at his own discretion, was likely to cause emotional trauma and to drive a wedge further between mother and child, not foster a strong relationship. See MCL 722.27a(1). Defendant contends that ZR's negative feelings cannot be attributed to her because she has had limited contact with the child in the previous six years. However, the trial court considered this fact when it recognized that defendant "[had] been restricted on the ability to give her children love, affection and guidance" and that the children's emotions and perceptions may be "unfounded." Defendant also argues that the trauma assessor and ZR's counselor did not "actually conclude[]" that his mental or emotional health would be damaged by parenting time. Although the trauma assessor and counselor did not directly state that "parenting time would emotionally or mentally harm" the child, it was not against the great weight of the evidence for the trial court to extrapolate that finding from the opinions and conclusions they submitted. See Shade, 291 Mich App at 21.
Next, defendant argues that DR's assessment does not support the trial court's finding by clear and convincing evidence that parenting time with defendant would damage DR's mental or emotional health. While defendant may disagree with the assessment's conclusions, the assessment supports the trial court's finding that parenting time could be emotionally or mentally damaging to DR. See MCL 722.27a(3). We note that plaintiff and his wife discouraged DR from talking about defendant at the assessment; however, this brief example does not overshadow the assessor's conclusion. Furthermore, there was no finding by either the assessor or DR's counselor of the existence of any parental alienation. Both the assessor and the counselor opined that DR needed stability, and they did not opine that defendant could be a part of that stable environment. Overall, we cannot conclude that the trial court's finding that parenting time with defendant would harm DR mentally or emotionally was against the great weight of evidence. See Shade, 291 Mich App at 21.
Defendant argues that the trial court ignored substantial evidence of positive parenting and her great concern for her children; she also notes that ZR and DR may have been negatively influenced by CR, who is no longer subject to the court's jurisdiction. However, whether parenting time went well from September 2015 until December 2015 and whether CR instigated problems is not of consequence to whether parenting time would be harmful for the children now. We note that the trial court did not find any evidence that defendant acted inappropriately with her children or did anything to purposely damage their mental or emotional health. As the trial court noted, the children's anxiety and stress may very well be "unfounded." However, the trial court found it important to give their perceptions credence. This was supported by the assessments and the counselors' letters and was not against the great weight of the evidence. See id.
Defendant also argues that plaintiff has actively estranged the children from her and spoken ill of her in front of them, and that plaintiff's wife has hurled insults and obscenities at defendant in front of the children. However, there was also testimony that plaintiff encouraged the children to attend parenting time. Plaintiff testified that he did not know why the children felt negatively toward defendant and that he did not speak negatively about her in front of them. The trial court had the discretion to weigh the credibility of the evidence and the witness testimony. We do not second-guess its determination. MacIntyre v MacIntyre (On Remand), 267 Mich App 449, 459; 705 NW2d 144 (2005).
In sum, the trial court's finding that there was clear and convincing evidence that the children's mental and emotional health would be endangered by parenting time was not against the great weight of the evidence, because the facts do not "clearly preponderate in the opposite direction." Shade, 291 Mich App at 21. This finding was supported by psychological assessments of both children, letters from their counselors, and the children's own expressions. Therefore, the trial court's order suspending parenting time is not "so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences a perversity of will, a defiance of judgment, or the exercise of passion or bias." Id.
Finally, defendant argues that the trial court's order suspending her parenting time without ordering reunification therapy constituted a de facto termination of her parental rights. While we do not believe that the trial court abused its discretion by suspending defendant's parenting time and declining to order reunification therapy, we do believe that it is necessary to remand this case and direct the trial court to conduct periodic hearings to determine whether the children wish to reinitiate contact with defendant and whether resumption of parenting time would be in their best interests.
Defendant's parenting time has been suspended since December 2015, and the trial court's order provides no mechanism for it to review whether the children may, in the future, wish to reinitiate contact with defendant unless the children or plaintiff proactively relay this information to the trial court, which appears unlikely in light of the history of this case. The trial court should have ordered periodic hearings to receive information from the children's counselors or their GAL in order to determine whether parenting time would be in their best interests at some time in the future. Without a mechanism for further review, defendant's parental rights are effectively nonexistent.
Affirmed in part, as detailed above, but remanded for the trial court to conduct periodic review hearings. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Colleen A. O'Brien
/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood