Opinion
519946.
05-12-2016
Nicholas M. LUCAS, as Assignee of Justin Lucas, Appellant, v. Otsego County Sheriff Richard J. DEVLIN Jr. et al., Respondents.
Wayne P. Smith, Schenectady, for appellant. Lemire Johnson & Higgins, LLC, Malta (Bradley J. Stevens of counsel), for respondents.
Wayne P. Smith, Schenectady, for appellant.
Lemire Johnson & Higgins, LLC, Malta (Bradley J. Stevens of counsel), for respondents.
Before: GARRY, J.P., EGAN JR., LYNCH, DEVINE and CLARK, JJ.
Opinion
DEVINE, J. Appeal from an order of the Supreme Court (Dowd, J.), entered January 15, 2014 in Otsego County, which, among other things, granted defendants' motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint.
Plaintiff was arrested in January 2011 and charged with, among other things, criminal possession of marihuana in the first degree. The Town of Worcester Justice Court set bail at $50,000. Plaintiff was being held at the Otsego County Correctional Facility and, on January 13, 2011, his brother traveled there and posted cash bail. Plaintiff was not released because Justice Court, having been advised that plaintiff had two prior felony convictions, concluded that it had no authority to set bail and issued a new commitment order the same day that remanded him without bail (see CPL 530.20[2][a] ). The money was not returned and, in July 2011, plaintiff's brother assigned whatever rights he had in it to plaintiff. Counsel for plaintiff demanded the return of the money in September 2011. Defendant Otsego County Sheriff stated that he was no longer in possession of the money, as it had been seized and transferred to the Drug Enforcement Administration (hereinafter DEA) as part of a drug investigation (see 18 U.S.C. §§ 981 [b]; 983; 21 U.S.C. § 881 ).
Plaintiff commenced this action in 2012 and asserted, as is pertinent here, a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff essentially argued that the Sheriff and one of the Sheriff's senior investigators, defendant Michael F. Ten Eyck, deprived him of his right to due process by handing the bail money over to the DEA. Following joinder of issue, defendants moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint and other relief. Plaintiff responded by cross-moving for summary judgment. Supreme Court determined that, among other things, defendants were shielded from liability by the doctrine of qualified immunity and granted their motion. Plaintiff now appeals.
The seized bail money was forfeited to the United States, and plaintiff pursued “the exclusive remedy” for that situation by moving in federal court to set aside the forfeiture (18 U.S.C. § 983 [e][5]; see generally Lucas v. United States, 775 F.3d 544 [2d Cir.2015] ). Inasmuch as he recovered the money as a result of that proceeding, plaintiff limits his arguments on this appeal to the viability of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim.
We affirm. A cognizable claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 requires, “at a minimum, conduct by a person acting under color of law which deprived [plaintiff] of a right, privilege or immunity guaranteed by the Constitution or the laws of the United States” (DiPalma v. Phelan, 81 N.Y.2d 754, 756, 593 N.Y.S.2d 778, 609 N.E.2d 131 [1992] ; see American Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 49–50, 119 S.Ct. 977, 143 L.Ed.2d 130 [1999] ). Defendants nevertheless have qualified immunity for their conduct if they did “not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known” (Mullenix v. Luna, –––U.S. ––––, ––––, 136 S.Ct. 305, 308, 193 L.Ed.2d 255 [2015] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted] ). “The two parts of this inquiry are whether plaintiff suffered a constitutional [or statutory] violation at the hands of defendants and, if so, whether the constitutional [or statutory] right was clearly established at the time so that any reasonable officer would clearly recognize that his or her conduct was unlawful in that situation” (Colao v. Mills, 39 A.D.3d 1048, 1050, 834 N.Y.S.2d 375 [2007] ; see Mullenix v. Luna, 136 S.Ct. at 308 ; Alex LL. v. Department of Social Servs. of Albany County, 60 A.D.3d 199, 208, 872 N.Y.S.2d 569 [2009], lv. denied 12 N.Y.3d 710, 2009 WL 1260181 [2009] ). The question of whether qualified immunity attaches is one of law, and “should ordinarily be determined by the court ... early in the case” (Colao v. Mills, 39 A.D.3d at 1050, 834 N.Y.S.2d 375 ; see Rossi v. City of Amsterdam, 274 A.D.2d 874, 876, 712 N.Y.S.2d 79 [2000] ).
Defendants submitted documentation that the seized bail money was transferred to the DEA on January 19, 2011, six days after it was posted, and a commitment order was issued that remanded plaintiff without bail (see 18 U.S.C. § 981 [b]; 21 U.S.C. § 881 [a][6]; [b] ). Plaintiff questioned in his cross motion for summary judgment whether that documentation constituted admissible evidence, but acknowledged that defendants seized the money upon their belief that it was derived from the drug trade and, further, did not dispute that its transfer to the DEA occurred as described. With regard to the six days that the bail money was in the possession of defendants prior to its transfer to the DEA, a person deprived of his or her property by state actors is entitled to due process (see United States v. Eight Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty Dollars [$8,850] in United States Currency, 461 U.S. 555, 564–565, 103 S.Ct. 2005, 76 L.Ed.2d 143 [1983] ). It is doubtful that the brief delay in transferring the bail money to the DEA deprived plaintiff or his brother of that right, particularly in the absence of any demand for its return during that period (see e.g. Mercado v. United States Customs Serv., 873 F.2d 641, 646 [2d Cir.1989] ). Defendants also cannot be faulted for then turning the bail money over to federal agents who seemingly had the authority to take it (see 18 U.S.C. § 981 [b]; 21 U.S.C. § 881 [b]; see e.g. Teddy's Dr. In v. Cohen, 47 N.Y.2d 79, 82, 416 N.Y.S.2d 782, 390 N.E.2d 290 [1979] ; Rossi v. City of Amsterdam, 274 A.D.2d at 876, 712 N.Y.S.2d 79 ). Defendants' actions, in short, did not violate a “clearly established statutory or constitutional right[ ] of which a reasonable person would have known” (Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 [1982] ; see Hayes v. O'Connor, 2004 WL 2334078, *7, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20640, *21 [S.D.N.Y., Oct. 4, 2004, No. 03–CV–1371 (SHS) ] ). Thus, Supreme Court properly held that qualified immunity protected defendants from plaintiff's 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim.
To the extent that plaintiff questions the rationale behind the initial retention of the bail money by defendants, the reasons for doing so were detailed in the reply affidavit of Ten Eyck. While assertions made for the first time in a reply affidavit will not ordinarily be considered, Supreme Court did not err in doing so here, as plaintiff submitted surreply papers that were also considered (see Hanscom v. Goldman, 109 A.D.3d 964, 965, 972 N.Y.S.2d 76[2013] ).
The remaining contentions advanced by plaintiff have been considered and rejected.
ORDERED that the order is affirmed, without costs.
GARRY, J.P., EGAN JR., LYNCH and CLARK, JJ., concur.