Summary
holding that claim that could have been asserted in previous federal court action could not be litigated in subsequent state court action
Summary of this case from Robinson v. FyeOpinion
Argued January 8, 1963.
November 12, 1963.
Judgments — Res judicata — Prior adjudication of negligence in another action — Effect.
1. Where it appeared that A and B, who were passengers in an automobile operated by C, were injured in a collision between C's automobile and the truck of D and brought a civil action in a federal court against D, who joined C as a third party defendant; that D subsequently settled the claims of A and B and sought contribution from C upon the ground that his concurrent negligence was a cause of the injuries to A and B; that C did not assert any counterclaim for his own injuries in this contribution action, which proceeded to trial, and the jury returned a verdict in favor of D and against C in the amount of one-half the amount paid by D in settlement of the claims of A and B; and it further appeared that C filed this action of trespass (seeking damages for his own injuries) against D after the commencement of the action of A and B in the federal court, it was Held that (1) the verdict of the jury in the federal court in the contribution action of D against C established C's causative negligence and (2) the judgment entered thereon bars this action of trespass by C against D, under the principle of res judicata. [498-500]
Courts — Federal courts — Practice — Jurisdiction — Ancillary proceedings — Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
2. Once a federal court validly acquires jurisdiction in a civil action over the original parties its jurisdiction extends to all matters ancillary to the main cause of action, even though the ancillary matter in itself lacked federal jurisdictional requisites. [499]
3. Where a civil action is filed in a federal court by A against B upon the grounds of diversity of citizenship and B joins C as a third party defendant, who has the same citizenship as B, C may assert a counterclaim against B as a matter ancillary to the original action. [499]
Before BELL, C. J., MUSMANNO, JONES, COHEN, EAGEN, O'BRIEN and ROBERTS, JJ.
Appeal, No. 335, Jan. T., 1962, from judgment of Court of Common Pleas No. 3 of Philadelphia County, Dec. T., 1957, No. 451, in case of Luish London v. City of Philadelphia. Judgment reversed.
Trespass for personal injuries and property damage. Before DOTY, J.
Verdict entered in favor of plaintiff and against defendant, defendant's motion for judgment non obstante veredicto refused and judgment entered on the verdict. Defendant appealed.
Levy Anderson, First Deputy City Solicitor, with him Richard K. Masterson and Matthew W. Bullock, Jr., Assistant City Solicitors, Joseph V. Furlong, Jr., Deputy City Solicitor, and David Berger, City Solicitor, for City of Philadelphia, appellant.
William H. Brown, III, with him A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., for appellee.
An automobile, operated by Luish London, was involved in a collision with a truck, owned by the City of Philadelphia (City), and operated by one of its employees. Two passengers in the London automobile, Lettie and William Cherry, were injured.
The Cherrys, being residents and citizens of the State of Virginia, instituted personal injury actions against the City in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. The City joined London as a third-party defendant. Subsequently, the City settled the Cherrys' claims by the payment of $20,000 in damages and sought partial recovery from London. The contribution action proceeded and the jury, after trial, returned a verdict in favor of the City and against London in the amount of $10,000, being one-half of the amount paid by the City in settlement of the Cherrys' claims. London did not assert any claim against the City in this action.
London and the City stipulated of record that the sum was fair and reasonable. The court approved the settlement.
During the pendency of the foregoing federal action, London commenced this suit in the Court of Common Pleas No. 3 of Philadelphia County, seeking damages from the City in compensation for injuries suffered in the accident. The City in its answer to the complaint asserted that the judgment in the federal court contribution action barred London's present action. The court overruled the City's motion for judgment on the pleadings. A trial ensued subsequent to the termination of the federal court action and resulted in a verdict for London against the City in the amount of $18,000. The City's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict was overruled. From the judgment entered on the verdict, the City appeals.
The lower court in ruling that the federal action did not bar the present suit based its conclusion upon the premise that London could not have asserted or litigated his claim against the City in the federal court action, due to the lack of diversity of citizenship between London and the City. This was not correct. London's claim could have been asserted as a counterclaim in the federal court as a matter ancillary to the original actions. Since the federal court had jurisdiction in the action of the Cherrys against the City, due to diversity of citizenship of the original parties, an independent federal jurisdictional basis was not required in the ancillary actions. Once the federal court validly acquired jurisdiction, its jurisdiction extended to all matters ancillary to the main cause of action, even though the ancillary matter lacked federal jurisdictional requisites: Heintz Co. v. Provident Tradesmens Bank Trust Co., 30 F.R.D. 171 (E.D. Pa. 1962); Dery v. Wyer, 265 F.2d 804 (2 Cir. 1959).
Moreover, not only was it possible for London to assert his claim in the federal court action, but his failure to do so precluded him from ever subsequently asserting it in any federal court. This is based on the res adjudicata principle. See, United States v. Southern Construction Co., 293 F.2d 493 (6 Cir. 1961); Union Paving Company v. Downer Corporation, 276 F.2d 468 (9th Cir. 1960); Lawhorn v. Atlantic Refining Company, 299 F.2d 353 (5th Cir. 1962).
Rule 13(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides for the filing of a counterclaim in an action based upon a claim arising out of the same occurrence or transaction. If such counterclaim exists, it must be therein pleaded or it is forever barred, unless at the time the action is commenced, there is already pending an independent action which covers the subject of the counterclaim. See, Cyclopedia of Federal Procedure, Vol. 6, § 16.10. The present action was not pending when the Cherrys' federal court action was filed. As noted before, London's present action was instituted after the commencement of the Cherrys' actions.
We realize that Pennsylvania state court trials are not bound by federal court procedural rules. But, this is not now a matter of procedural rules, but rather the application of substantive law. The principle of res adjudicata is controlling.
In the contribution action, the City was the party-plaintiff and London, the party-defendant; in fact, they were the only parties. The issue for determination was whether or not London was guilty of causative negligence in the collision involved. The jury found that he was. The cause of action was the violation of duty of one, or both, of the drivers involved in the accident, not the damages caused by the collision: Simodejka v. Williams, 360 Pa. 332, 62 A.2d 17 (1948).
The testimony in the present action concerning the collision and the cause thereof was practically identical with that offered in the federal court trial. Further, there was: (a) Identity of the thing sued for; (b) Identity of the cause of action; (c) Identity of the persons and parties to the action; (d) Identity of quality of the persons for or whom the claim was made. To now rule that the same parties may retry the same cause of action would be violative of the doctrine of res adjudicata, encourage relitigation of issues already determined, and permit the anomaly of having two contrary jury findings regarding the same basic question.
Judgment reversed and is herewith entered for the defendant.