Opinion
Docket No. 15455.
Decided March 27, 1974. Leave to appeal granted, 392 Mich ___.
Appeal from Wayne, James Montante, J. Submitted Division 1 January 11, 1974, at Detroit. (Docket No. 15455.) Decided March 27, 1974. Leave to appeal granted, 392 Mich ___.
Complaint by Local 98 of the United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipefitting Industry of the United States and Canada, AFL-CIO against Flamagas Detroit Corporation, Flamegas Eastside Detroit, Incorporated, Flamegas Industrial Corporation and Flamegas Utica Corporation for alleged tortious interference with an advantageous business relationship. Defendants' motion for accelerated judgment granted. Plaintiff appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Boaz Siegel (Zwerdling, Maurer, Diggs Papp, by George M. Maurer, Jr., of counsel) and Kratze, Greenbaum Littman (by Frederick B. Gold) for plaintiff.
Fitzgerald, Peters, English Damm (by John E. English) and Fildew, Gilbride, Miller Todd (by John H. Fildew), for defendants.
Plaintiff union entered into a collective bargaining agreement with the Metropolitan Detroit Plumbing and Mechanical Contractors Association, Inc. (hereinafter referred to as Association), effective June 2, 1970 through May 31, 1972. Article 19 of this contract provides in part:
"Temporary Heat
"(a) It is recognized that Stand-by Maintenance of gas-fired unit heaters, gas-fired warm air furnace and gas-fired space heating equipment shall be under the jurisdiction of Plumbers Local 98.
"(b) It is optional with the owner or contractor to provide temporary heat, and to decide the number of hours it shall be in operation, so long as all phases of maintenance are recognized as work of the United Association, a member of which shall be in attendance during operational periods until the general tests are completed and the mechanical installation is accepted by the owner."
Walbridge-Aldinger Co. was the prime contractor for the construction of a General Motors plant in Oakland County. Lorne Company (hereinafter referred to as Lorne), a member of the Association, was the plumbing and mechanical contractor for this project. Defendants are the major suppliers of temporary gas-fired heating equipment to the construction industry in the metropolitan area. Lorne contracted with defendant Flamegas Utica Corporation to rent heating equipment for the General Motors site. Defendant, contending its employees had the right to install, hook up and maintain this equipment, threatened not to honor its contract with Lorne if Lorne honored its agreement with plaintiff, specifically article 19. Because of these threats, Lorne assigned its contract with defendant to Walbridge-Aldinger. Plaintiff alleges similar facts against Flamegas Detroit with respect to its dealings with John F. McCarthy Co. (hereinafter referred to as McCarthy), an Association member. Plaintiff brought this action in May 1972, charging defendants with tortious interference with an advantageous business relationship. Defendants filed a motion for accelerated judgment, GCR 1963, 116, asserting (1) the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction because this matter is within the sole jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations Board (hereinafter referred to as NLRB), and (2) this action is barred because the issues raised were decided adversely to plaintiff in two prior adjudications before the NLRB in 1970. The lower court, finding federal preemption by the NLRB, granted defendants' motion. Plaintiffs appeal.
Walbridge-Aldinger is not a member of the Association, and, consequently, was not bound by the collective bargaining agreement.
In order to understand the posture of the present controversy, it is necessary to detail the facts of the prior dispute between the parties which resulted in the two NLRB decisions in 1970. In December 1969, Darin and Armstrong Co. (hereinafter referred to as Darin), general contractor for a Chrysler Corporation project, rented gas-fired heaters from Flamegas Detroit. In January, 1970, Local 98 advised Darin that it was claiming jurisdiction of all installation, hookup and maintenance work on the heaters on behalf of the plumbers. This work was then being done by Flamegas employees, who were not members of Local 98. The union claimed that the work had traditionally been done by plumbers. But there was no collective bargaining agreement between the union and Darin. Darin refused to accede to Local 98's demands, and the Local picketed the jobsite.
Only one of the two NLRB cases directly concerns us here. That was a proceeding pursuant to § 10(k) of the National Labor Relations Act (hereinafter referred to as the Act), following a charge filed by Darin alleging Local 98 had violated § 8(b)(4)(D) of the Act. All parties were afforded full opportunity to be heard and to examine and cross-examine witnesses. Flamegas Detroit and Flamegas Industrial filed a memorandum of authorities and argument. In awarding the disputed work to Flamegas employees, the NLRB said:
In the other case, Darin Armstrong Co, 185 NLRB 582 (1970), the union's picketing in support of its jurisdictional claim was held unlawful.
"Section 8(b)(4)(D) prohibits a labor organization from engaging in or inducing strike action for the purpose of forcing any employer to assign particular work to `employees in a particular labor organization or in a particular trade, craft, or class rather than to employees in another labor organization or in another trade, craft, or class, unless such employer is failing to conform to an order or certification of the Board determining the bargaining representative for employees performing such work.'
"An unfair labor practice charge under this section, however, must be handled differently from a charge alleging any other type of unfair labor practice. Section 10(k) requires that parties to a jurisdictional dispute be given 10 days, after notice of the filing of the charges with the Board, to adjust their dispute. If at the end of that time they are unable to `submit to the Board satisfactory evidence that they have adjusted, or agreed upon methods for the voluntary adjustment of the dispute,' the Board is empowered to hear the dispute and make an affirmative assignment of the disputed work." Smith, Merrifield and St. Antoine, Labor Relations Law (4th Ed.), p 544.
"[W]e shall determine the jurisdictional dispute by awarding the work in dispute to employees of Flamegas Detroit and Flamegas Industrial. Since there is undisputed testimony that Plumbers Local 98 threatened to search out any job where Flamegas was located and that `there would be trouble,' we find that there is a strong probability that similar disputes involving Plumbers Local 98 may occur in the future. We shall therefore apply our award in this case not only to the Chrysler project jobsite at which the dispute arose, but to all similar work being performed or to be performed by Flamegas within the geographical jurisdiction of the Plumbers Local 98." (Emphasis supplied.)
Darin Armstrong Co, 185 NLRB 854, 856 (1970).
I
Is plaintiff collaterally estopped because of this NLRB decision from maintaining the present action? Collateral estoppel "means simply that when an issue of * * * fact has once been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future lawsuit". (Emphasis supplied.) Ashe v Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 443; 90 S Ct 1189, 1194; 25 L Ed 2d 469, 475 (1970); see Knibbe v City of Warren, 2 Mich. App. 241; 139 N.W.2d 344 (1966). Thus, application of this doctrine requires (1) identity of parties and (2) identity of issues.
For collateral estoppel purposes the parties in the NLRB case and the present action are identical. Substantial identity, not precise identity, is all that is required. Sunshine Anthracite Coal Co v Atkins, 310 U.S. 381; 60 S Ct 907; 84 L Ed 1263 (1940). While Darin, a party in the previous case, is not a party here, "it is no objection that the former action included parties not joined in the present action, or vice versa, so long as the judgment was rendered on the merits * * *". Dreyfus v First National Bank of Chicago, 424 F.2d 1171, 1175, (CA 7, 1970); see Jordon v Stuart Creamery, Inc, 258 Iowa 1; 137 N.W.2d 259 (1965).
The estoppel doctrine requires the issues in the two actions to be identical, not merely similar. Sonken-Galamba Corporation v Atchison T S F Ry Co, 28 F. Supp. 456 (WD Mo, 1939). Defendants argue the issue here is the same as that before the NLRB in 1970. They say the issue before the NLRB was: Who is entitled to perform the installation, hookup, and maintenance of the gas heaters — Flamegas employees or the plumbers? Defendants contend this is precisely the issue before us in this case. We disagree.
There was no collective bargaining agreement between Local 98 and Darin as there is here between the Local and Lorne and McCarthy. Thus, in the 1970 action there was not, nor could there have been, any question of tortious interference with contract by Flamegas. This contractual relationship is a material change of fact which prevents application of collateral estoppel in the present case.
"`The estoppel of a judgment extends only to the facts and conditions as they were at the time the judgment was rendered, and to the legal rights and relations of the parties as fixed by the facts so determined; and when new facts or conditions intervene before a second suit, furnishing a new basis for the claims and defenses of the parties respectively, the issues are no longer the same, and hence the former judgment cannot be pleaded in bar to the subsequent action.'" Wright v Kinnard, 147 Ind. App. 484, 489; 262 N.E.2d 196, 200 (1970); see Meister v Dillon, 324 Mich. 389 ; 37 N.W.2d 146 (1949); Cloverlanes Bowl, Inc v Gordon, 46 Mich. App. 518; 208 N.W.2d 598 (1973).
The absence of a contract between Darin and the union was an important fact considered by the NLRB. They noted in their 1970 decision:
"Although Darin and Armstrong is also a member of the Association, there is no evidence that it employs any plumbers or is bound by the Association contract with Plumbers Local 98." Darin Armstrong Co, 185 NLRB 854, 855 (1970).
II
Does the subject matter of this action come within the exclusive jurisdiction of the NLRB, thereby ousting our courts of jurisdiction? The United States Supreme Court succinctly set forth the standard governing NLRB preemption in San Diego Building Trades Council v Garmon, 359 U.S. 236; 79 S Ct 773; 3 L Ed 2d 775 (1959).
"When it is clear or may fairly be assumed that the activities which a State purports to regulate are protected by § 7 of the National Labor Relations Act, or constitute an unfair labor practice under § 8, due regard for the federal enactment requires that state jurisdiction must yield. To leave the States free to regulate conduct so plainly within the central aim of federal regulation involves too great a danger of conflict between power asserted by Congress and requirements imposed by state law. Nor has it mattered whether the States have acted through laws of broad general application rather than laws specifically directed towards the governance of industrial relations. Regardless of the mode adopted, to allow the States to control conduct which is the subject of national regulation would create potential frustration of national purposes. * * * When an activity is arguably subject to § 7 or § 8 of the Act, the States as well as the federal courts must defer to the exclusive competence of the National Labor Relations Board if the danger of state interference with national policy is to be averted." Garmon, 359 U.S. 244, 245; 79 S Ct 779, 780; 3 L Ed 2d 782, 783. (Emphasis supplied.)
An unbroken line of cases have followed Garmon.
Motor Coach Employees v Lockridge, 403 U.S. 274; 91 S Ct 1909; 29 L Ed 2d 473 (1971); International Brotherhood of Boilermakers v Hardeman, 401 U.S. 233; 91 S Ct 609; 28 L Ed 2d 10 (1971); International Longshoremen's Assoc v Ariadne Shipping Co, 397 U.S. 195; 90 S Ct 872; 25 L Ed 2d 218 (1970); Nash v Florida Industrial Commission, 389 U.S. 235; 88 S Ct 362; 19 L Ed 2d 438 (1967); Local 20 v Morton, 377 U.S. 252; 84 S Ct 1253; 12 L Ed 2d 280 (1964); Liner v Jafco, Inc, 375 U.S. 301; 84 S Ct 391; 11 L Ed 2d 347 (1964); Motor Coach Employees v Missouri, 374 U.S. 74; 83 S Ct 1657; 10 L Ed 2d 763 (1963); Local 100 v Borden, 373 U.S. 690; 83 S Ct 1423; 10 L Ed 2d 638 (1963); Local 438 v Curry, 371 U.S. 542; 83 S Ct 531; 9 L Ed 2d 514 (1963).
The question we must answer, therefore, is this: Do defendants' actions alleged in plaintiff's complaint constitute an activity arguably subject to § 7 or § 8 of the Act? "Arguably" is the key word here. It has been interpreted to mean "fairly debatable." Buckman v United Mine Workers of America, 80 Wyo. 216; 342 P.2d 236 (1959). Garmon said:
29 U.S.C. § 157: "Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection, and shall also have the right to refrain from any or all of such activities except to the extent that such right may be affected by an agreement requiring membership in a labor organization as a condition of employment as authorized in section 158(a)(3) of this title."
29 U.S.C. § 158. This section sets forth what actions shall constitute unfair labor practices; § 8(a)(1)-(5) lists unfair labor practices of employers and § 8(b)(1)-(7) lists those of labor organizations.
"At times it has not been clear whether the particular activity regulated by the States was governed by § 7 or § 8 or was, perhaps, outside both these sections. But courts are not primary tribunals to adjudicate such issues. It is essential to the administration of the Act that these determinations be left in the first instance to the National Labor Relations Board." 359 U.S. 244, 245; 79 S Ct 779; 3 L Ed 2d 783.
Thus, plaintiff's claim is within our jurisdiction only if we are certain that it is outside the scope of § 7 and § 8.
Section 7 has no "teeth" of its own. It's sanctions are in § 8. Section 8(a)(1) provides:
"It shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer to interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed in section 157 of this title * * *."
Section 8(b)(1) places a similar restriction on labor unions with respect to § 7 rights. It seems that our question then becomes simply: Is defendant's activity "arguably" an unfair labor practice proscribed by § 8?
Only two classes of "persons" can commit unfair labor practices — employers and labor organizations. Defendants are not labor organizations. Therefore, unless defendants are properly classified employers, it would be impossible for their alleged activity to be proscribed by § 8.
We use the term "person" as defined in § 2 of the Act ( 29 U.S.C. § 152): "The term `person' includes one or more individuals, labor organizations, partnerships, associations, corporations, legal representatives, trustees, trustees in bankruptcy, or receivers."
To be an employer within the meaning of § 8, a "person" must be in an employer-employee relationship with the employees against whom he has allegedly committed an unfair labor practice. That this is so was made clear by the Third Circuit in National Labor Relations Board v Condenser Corp, 128 F.2d 67 (CA 3, 1942). Condenser was the wholly owned subsidiary of its parent, Cornell Corporation. In uling that Cornell was an "employer" to Condenser's employees for the purposes of the Act, the Court said:
"This is in no sense a penalty against the parties for an arrangement which is deemed by them to be in the interests of efficiency. It simply rests on the premise that where in fact the production and distribution of merchandise is one enterprise, that enterprise, as a whole, is responsible for compliance with the Labor Relations Act regardless of the corporate arrangements of the parties among themselves. What is important for our purpose is the degree of control over the labor relations in issue exercised by the company charged as a respondent. Press Co, Inc v National Labor Relations Board, 73 App DC 103; 118 F.2d 937 (1940). Regardless of what Cornell says concerning its connection with Condenser's employees it appears that `together, respondents act as employers of those employees * * * and together actively deal with labor relations of those employees'. National Labor Relations Board v Pennsylvania Greyhound Lines, Inc, 303 U.S. 261, 263; 58 S Ct 571, 572; 82 L Ed 831; 115 ALR 307 (1938). Evidence of this is abundant. Some is manifest from our discussion, later in this opinion, of various aspects of union activity and employer interference. It will suffice at this time to point out that Cornell's officers were very active in dominating the original local union, Independent, and again, in bringing negotiations with that group's successor, Brotherhood, to a culmination. It is noteworthy, too, that the reinstatement of some of the men first discharged was arranged with Cornell's president, Mr. Blake. This and similar evidence is controlling in our disposition of the question of Cornell's status as an employer. As has been said, `* * * the problem is not to be approached from the standpoint of vicarious liability'. Consolidated Edison Co of New York, Inc v National Labor Relations Board, 95 F.2d 390, 394 (1938) modified on another point, and affirmed, 305 U.S. 197; 59 S Ct 206; 83 L Ed 126 (1938). It is rather a matter of determining which of two, or whether both, respondents control, in the capacity of employer, the labor relations of a given group of workers." 128 F.2d 67, 71, 72 (CA 3, 1942). See National Labor Relations Board v Lund, 103 F.2d 815 (CA 8, 1939).
Decisive factors in establishing an employer-employee relationship are complete control over hire, discharge, discipline and promotion of employees, rates of pay, supervision and determination of policy matters. Roane-Anderson Co, 95 NLRB 1501 (1951).
We find there was no employer-employee relationship between defendants and plaintiff. Defendants are not "employers" within the meaning of § 8. Defendants alleged activity is not "arguably subject to § 7 or § 8 of the Act." Therefore, there is no preemption here; our courts have jurisdiction over the subject matter of this action.
Nothing we say here contravenes the United States Supreme Court's ruling in the post- Garmon case, Motor Coach Employees v Lockridge, 403 U.S. 274; 91 S Ct 1909; 29 L Ed 2d 473 (1971). There, plaintiff Lockridge, a member of defendant union filed suit against defendant in the Idaho courts, charging breach of contract. The Idaho Supreme Court concluded the state's courts had jurisdiction. It reasoned that Garmon's preemption principles apply only where the state law invoked is designed specifically to regulate labor relations — they have no force where the state applies its general common law of contracts to resolve disputes between a union and its members. In rejecting this reasoning, Mr. Justice HARLAN said:
"Assuredly the proposition that Lockridge's complaint was not subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the NLRB because it charged a breach of contract rather than an unfair labor practice is not tenable. Pre-emption, as shown above, is designed to shield the system from conflicting regulation of conduct. It is the conduct being regulated, not the formal description of governing legal standards, that is the proper focus of concern." Motor Coach, supra, 403 U.S. 292; 91 S Ct 1920; 29 L Ed 2d 486.
Thus, the question of preemption cannot be decided on semantics as the Idaho courts attempted to do in Motor Coach.
But Motor Coach is distinguishable from the present case. Plaintiff's claim in Motor Coach was cognizable both under § 8 of the Act and the general common law of contracts. As we have already determined, plaintiff Local 98's claims are cognizable only under the common law of torts. Therefore, Motor Coach is inapplicable here.
The Idaho Supreme Court determined that defendant union "did most certainly" violate §§ 8(b)(1)(A) and 8(b)(2) of the Act.
The lower court erred in ruling that our courts are without jurisdiction to hear this matter.
Reversed and remanded. Costs to appellants.
McGREGOR, P.J., concurred.
While I may or may not disagree specifically with anything Judge GILLIS has written, I regard it necessary to state with precision my reason for voting to reverse.
As I read the record and apply the Federal preemption doctrine in this case, I find a factual rather than a legal basis requiring me to vote as I do.
Plaintiff in this case readily concedes that with respect to the functions reserved by the NLRB to Flamegas the Federal holding controls.
National Labor Relations Board.
What plaintiff here is arguing is that if some construction contractor wants to enter into a contract with plaintiff to do something separate and apart from what the NLRB found was the exclusive right of Flamegas to do, that is the business of plaintiff and the contractor. In this case the contractor agreed with plaintiff to have plaintiff "watch" the heaters after they were hooked up. Plaintiff specifically eschewed any right to hook up or service the heaters.
So if a contractor chooses to enter into another and different contract with plaintiff here which contract provides for services (even if unneeded) that is the right of that contractor and plaintiff herein.
I'm sure I do not know why any contractor would do this. But that's none of my judicial business. The contractor with whom plaintiff made the additional contract is not complaining to us. The additional services (if any) take nothing from Flamegas which the Board held Flamegas was exclusively entitled to perform.
So whether Flamegas tortiously interfered with the contract between plaintiff and a construction contractor is a litigable question, and the proper subject matter of proofs in the circuit court.
On the foregoing ground alone, I concur in the result reached by Judge GILLIS.
I too would award costs to appellant.