Opinion
45023 Record No. 830220
April 25, 1986
Present: All the Justices
The trial court erred in dismissing plaintiff's claim on the grounds that it was res judicata based on the Industrial Commission's previous ruling in plaintiff's workers' compensation claim when the Commission had ruled first that the accident did not arise in the course of employment and that therefore the Commission had no jurisdiction to adjudicate the merits of the claim but then proceeded to find that the accident was not the proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries.
Torts — Pleading and Practice — Res Judicata — Jurisdiction — Workers' Compensation — Out of and in the Course of Employment — Subject Matter Jurisdiction
The employee/plaintiff came to the workplace at a time other than her work shift and fell on an ice-covered sidewalk. At the Industrial Commissions' hearing the determination was made that the accident did not arise out of and in the course of employee's employment with the defendant and, further, that the accident was not the proximate cause of her injuries. When the employee brought a tort action against defendant for negligent failure to maintain the sidewalk in a safe condition, the trial court sustained the plea of res judicata based upon the Commission's finding that the accident had not been the proximate cause of plaintiff's injury and entered summary judgment in defendant's favor. Plaintiff appeals.
1. A judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction is conclusive respecting the same cause of action in a subsequent suit between the same parties, but for a judgment to preclude a subsequent action, the court in the first proceeding must have had jurisdiction over the subject matter of the controversy and the precise issue upon which the judgment was rendered.
2. The Industrial Commission acted within its authority when it determined that defendant's accident did not arise out of and in the course of her employment, but having made that determination, it had no jurisdiction to adjudicate the merits of her claim and, therefore, the finding of no causation was made without jurisdiction and could not bar a subsequent action for damages.
3. A denial of an award of compensation under the Workers' Compensation Act leaves unimpaired the common-law right of action for damages which did not arise out of the employment, and thus the denial of compensation under the Act is not res judicata in the subsequent action at law to recover damages. Griffith v. Raven Red Ash Coal Co., 179 Va. 790, 20 S.E.2d 530 and Raven Red Ash Coal Co. v. Griffith, 181 Va. 911, 27 S.E.2d 360, discussed.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of Roanoke County. Hon. Fred L. Hoback, judge presiding,
Reversed and remanded.
C. Jacob Ladenheim (Ladenheim and Campbell, on brief), for appellant.
S. J. Thompson, Jr. (Gregory P. Cochran; Caskie, Frost, Hobbs, Thompson, Knakal Alford, on brief), for appellee.
The sole issue in this appeal is whether the trial court erred in dismissing the plaintiff's claim on the ground that it was res judicata.
Appellant, Bobbie Lloyd, brought this tort action against her employer, American Motor Inns, Inc., trading as Holiday Inn North-Roanoke #1 (the Inn). In her motion for judgment, Lloyd alleged that she sustained injuries when she fell on a sidewalk located on the Inn's premises and that her injuries were proximately caused by the Inn's negligent failure to maintain the sidewalk in a safe condition. The Inn pled res judicata based upon the Industrial Commission's previous ruling in Lloyd's workers' compensation claim. The trial court sustained the plea and entered summary judgment for the Inn. Lloyd appeals.
The facts are undisputed. On March 11, 1980, Lloyd filed with the Industrial Commission a workers' compensation claim for her injuries. The Commission first determined that Lloyd's accident did not arise out of and in the course of her employment with the Inn. Notwithstanding this determination, the Commission further found that the accident was not the proximate cause of Lloyd's injuries.
Lloyd contends on appeal, as she did at trial, that once the Commission determined her accident did not arise out of and in the course of her employment, it lacked jurisdiction to determine causation. Thus, she asserts, the issue of causation has not been adjudicated by a tribunal of competent jurisdiction, and therefore, res judicata cannot be a bar to her tort action. We agree.
It is well settled that a judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction is conclusive respecting the same cause of action in a subsequent suit between the same parties. Corprew v. Corprew, 84 Va. 599, 602, 5 S.E. 798, 799 (1888). For a prior judgment to preclude a subsequent action, however, the court in the first proceeding must have had jurisdiction over the subject matter of the controversy and the precise issue upon which the judgment was rendered. Linkous v. Stevens, 116 Va. 898, 906-07, 909-10, 83 S.E. 417, 419-21 (1914); Seamster v. Blackstock, 83 Va. 232, 234, 2 S.E. 36, 37 (1887).
In the present case, the Industrial Commission acted within its authority when it received evidence and determined that Lloyd's accident did not arise out of and in the course of her employment with the Inn. Having made this threshold finding, however, the Commission had no jurisdiction to adjudicate the merits of Lloyd's claim. Therefore, the Commission's finding of no causation was made without jurisdiction and could not bar Lloyd's subsequent action for damages.
The conclusion we reach is consistent with our holding in Griffith v. Raven Red Ash Coal Co., 179 Va. 790, 20 S.E.2d 530 (1942). In Griffith, we said that the Workmen's Compensation Act (now Workers' Compensation Act) leaves "unimpaired the common-law right of action for damages for the personal injury or death of the employee when such does not arise out of and in the course of the employment." Id. at 797, 20 S.E.2d at 533. Thus, we held in Griffith that "a denial of an award of compensation, on the ground that the injury did not arise out of and in the course of the employment, is not res judicata in the employee's subsequent action at law to recover damages [from] the employer." Id. at 800, 20 S.E.2d at 535.
The Inn relies upon our decision in Raven Red Ash Coal Co. v. Griffith, 181 Va. 911, 27 S.E.2d 360 (1943), in support of its argument that Lloyd's law action is barred. Its reliance on Raven Red Ash is misplaced.
The Griffith and Raven Red Ash cases are successive appeals arising out of the same litigation involving Griffith's accidental death.
In Raven Red Ash, Griffith's administratrix filed a claim under the Act for Griffith's death caused by a mining explosion. The Industrial Commission denied the claim based on its factual finding that Griffith was not engaged in a work-related activity at the time of the explosion.
Thereafter, Griffith's administratrix filed a law action for damages on the theory that the employer breached a common-law duty of reasonable care owing to Griffith as an invitee on the employer's premises. After a trial on the merits, the trial court entered judgment on a jury's verdict in favor of Griffith's administratrix, and Raven appealed.
On appeal, Raven argued that the evidence failed to establish that Griffith was an invitee on his employer's property. In response, Griffith's administratrix argued that Griffith was killed while performing work for his employer. In rejecting Griffith's argument, we said that the Commission's prior finding that Griffith was not engaged in his employer's business was a binding determination and could not be re-litigated. Thus, we held that, once the Commission made the necessary and jurisdictional finding that Griffith's injury did not arise "out of and in the course of the employment," Griffith's administratrix was estopped from asserting in a subsequent proceeding a position contrary to the Commission's finding. Id. at 922, 27 S.E.2d at 365.
In the present case, however, Lloyd is not asserting that her injury arose out of and in the course of her employment. Indeed, she concedes that the Commission's finding on that issue is conclusive. To the contrary, Lloyd's action is based upon the Inn's alleged negligence in failing to maintain the sidewalk in a safe condition, a right expressly reserved in Griffith. 179 Va. at 797, 20 S.E.2d at 533.
Accordingly, because the trial court erred in sustaining the Inn's plea of res judicata, we will reverse its judgment and remand the case for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.