Summary
In Jefferson Standard Life Ins. Co. v. Jefcoats, 164 Miss. 659, 143 So. 842, the engineer of the train saw George Jefcoats about 150 feet ahead, on the outside of the rails, kneeling or crouching back on his heels, facing the train, with his head lowered as though he was looking at the ground in front of him. He completely ignored the ringing of the bell and the cattle alarm.
Summary of this case from Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. RatherOpinion
No. 30122.
October 17, 1932.
1. INSURANCE.
In action on ordinary life policy, burden of proof held upon insurer to establish by preponderance of evidence that insured committed suicide.
2. INSURANCE.
Whether insured, struck by train, committed suicide or not held for jury under evidence reasonably permitting of either inference.
3. EVIDENCE.
There is rebuttable presumption against suicide (Code 1930, section 1138).
4. TRIAL.
Everything must be considered as proved which evidence established, either directly or by reasonable inference, against party requesting peremptory instruction.
5. INSURANCE.
As to burden of proof as to suicide under double indemnity clause in life policy, burden of proof held upon plaintiff throughout case, aided by presumption against suicide, to show death was caused by "accidental means," such term not embracing suicide.
6. TRIAL. In action for double indemnity under life policy instruction that burden was upon insurer to prove suicide held erroneous as conflicting with instruction that plaintiff had burden to prove accidental death.
Instruction presented irreconcilable conflict, since one who intentionally inflicts injury upon himself resulting in death cannot be said to have died of "accidental means," and burden was upon plaintiff to prove death by "accidental means" within double indemnity clause, although as to action for face amount of policy burden was upon insurer to prove suicide.
APPEAL from circuit court of Jones county. HON.W.J. PACK, Judge.
Welch Cooper, of Laurel, and Watkins, Watkins Eager, of Jackson, for appellant.
The two instructions necessarily left with the jury the impression that the burden of proof was at all times upon the defendant, the appellant here, to prove by a preponderance of all of the testimony that the deceased met his death by suicide, when in reality the appellant was faced with such burden in the one instance and the same burden was upon the appellee in another instance — in other words, before the appellant could defeat a recovery for the face amount of the policy it was faced with the burden of proof of death by suicide, but before the appellee could recover the double indemnity feature she was faced with the burden of proving accidental death and further proving that the insured did not meet his death by suicide.
The presumption against suicide or self-destruction is a rebuttable one, and cannot properly prevail, except in the absence of evidence as to the cause of death, or where there is such evidence, and it is conflicting, or some of it is consistent with a reasonable hypothesis of death by accident or by the act of another.
The hypothesis of accidental death is inconsistent with facts established by uncontroverted evidence.
New York Life Ins. Co. v. Bradshaw, 2 F.2d 457.
Of course, the plaintiffs in error were not entitled to recover if the deceased committed suicide. It is not fairly open to dispute that the uncontroverted evidence that deceased's death was voluntary was of such conclusive character as to warrant the setting aside of a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs. In that situation it was not reversible error to direct a verdict in favor of the defendant.
Connally v. L. N.R.R. Co., 4 F.2d 539.
Where the cause of one's death is unexplained or undisclosed by evidence, or where evidence tending to prove self-destruction is contradicted or impeached, or some evidence adduced is consistent with a reasonable hypothesis that the death was not self-caused, the presumption against suicide or self-destruction may prevail. But such presumption cannot properly prevail where uncontroverted evidence whether direct or circumstantial, shows how the death was caused and that it was self-inflicted, and not by accident or the act of another.
New York Life Ins. Co. v. Weaver, 8 F.2d 680.
Touching the contention of plaintiff that it was here and always is the duty of the court to charge the jury that a presumption of law existed against the fact of suicide, it is enough to say of the contention that this is sometimes true and sometimes not true. In this particular case, since there was evidence, from what the insured said as to his intent to kill himself, and from the circumstances, evidence that he had killed himself, the presumption against suicide as a matter of law disappeared from the case. There was no longer any reason to invoke any presumption of law about the matter.
Von Crome v. Travelers Ins. Co., 11 F.2d 350; Planter's Bank of Tunica, Mississippi v. New York Life Ins. Co., 11 Fed. 602.
From the evidence relating to the situation and physical facts, as detailed, we are convinced that the death of the insured came from a self-inflicted shot. It does not seem reasonable that an accidental discharge could have accounted for it, considering the situation of the body, the location of the pistol with reference to the right hand of the insured, the nature of the wound, the course of the bullet, the improbability of an accidental discharge from a pistol of the character that caused the death, and the strained position necessary to account for the wound, if caused by an accidental discharge of the pistol. We think the district judge could have reached no other conclusion than that the evidence showed convincingly enough to overcome the presumption against suicide, and to sustain the burden resting on the defendant to make out the defense of death by suicide, that the death of the insured was caused by his own voluntary act, and the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
Davis v. Reliance Life Ins. Co., 12 F.2d 248.
The presumption of the law is against suicide, and therefore defendant bore the burden of proving its plea that Tooley committed suicide. As this is a civil case, that burden of proof was sustainable by a preponderance of the evidence. Manifestly, it could not be sustained merely by evidence that was equally consistent with the inference that death was the result of an accident or was caused by the act of another. But in the case of a violent death, such as this was, where natural causes are excluded, the presumption against suicide is overcome, where the preponderance of the evidence is consistent with the theory of suicide, and is at the same time inconsistent with any reasonable hypothesis of death by accident or by the act of another.
Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Tooley, 16 F.2d 243; New York Life Insurance Co. v. Alman, 22 F.2d 98.
Even in the absence of proof of motive, the circumstances in evidence would naturally lead to the conclusion that death was self-inflicted.
New York Life Ins. Co. v. Alman, 22 F.2d 98.
If all the facts indicate suicide, and there is nothing reasonably having a substantial tendency to show that the death might have occurred in any other way, the issue is one of law and not of fact.
Mutual Life Ins. Co. et al. v. Gregg et al., C.C.A. 6, 32 Fed. 567.
Upon the uncontradicted testimony we think that all fair-minded jurymen must undoubtedly' conclude that the insured took his life intentionally; there is no room for any inference or presumption to the contrary.
Porter v. Insurance Co., 51 F.2d 15; Frankel v. New York Life Ins. Co., 51 F.2d 933.
The burden of proof was on the plaintiff in the lower court to show accidental death.
Burkett v. New York Life Ins. Co., 56 F.2d 105.
The presumption of law is against suicide, but such presumption is not conclusive; it is only prima facie; it may be overcome by the evidence. In order, however, to justify the court in taking the issue of suicide, or not, from the jury, and directing a verdict in favor of suicide, the evidence going to establish suicide, must be so strong as that no other reasonable inference can be drawn therefrom than that of suicide. If the evidence is such, although it is with conflict, that two reasonable inferences can be drawn therefrom, one in favor of suicide and the other against, then, plainly, it is a question for the jury. On the other hand, if only one reasonable inference can be drawn from the evidence and that is suicide then there is no question for the jury; there is only a question of law for the court.
Life Casualty Co. v. Andrews, 149 Miss. 306, 115 So. 548.
The burden of proof rested on the appellee, plaintiff below, throughout the case to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the death of the decedent was, directly and independently of all other causes of injury, inflicted solely through violent and accidental means while insured was sane and sober, before a recovery could be had for the double indemnity feature of the policy.
Burkett v. New York Life Ins. Co., 56 F.2d 105; New York Life Ins. Co. v. Ollich, 42 Fed. 399.
G.W. Hosey, of Laurel, for appellee.
A person intending to destroy himself, all reasoning would point that the man would take the surest route and that in this instance he would have placed himself across the rail or directly in the path of the train between the rails and not on the outer end of the crossties.
There is not a scintilla of evidence in this record to show any motive whatever to have caused the said Jefcoats to commit suicide.
When, as in this case, circumstantial evidence alone is relied on to establish suicide, it is at least within bounds to say the evidence must be of a character to exclude, with reasonable certainty, any other cause of death. If the evidence falls short of this exaction, the suicide is not proved. The fact of death remains, and that casts the liability on the company insuring against death, with the excepted case of self-destruction, which the company fails to establish.
Leman v. Manhattan Life Insurance Company, 46 La. Ann., — 15 So. 389.
Where reasonable men may draw different conclusions from evidence, verdict not set aside; evidence showed railway mail clerk did not jump from car but fell out.
Fraternal Aid Union v. Whitehead, 87 So. 453.
The presumption of law is against suicide and will stand and be decisive of the case until overcome by testimony which shall outweigh the presumption. To overcome this presumption, where the evidence is circumstantial the party making the averment must prove it by facts which exclude every reasonable hypothesis of natural or accidental death.
Sovereign Camp W.O.W. v. Dennis, 87 So. 619.
In determining whether the death of the insured was caused by suicide there are many circumstances which are of weight. Among the things important to be considered are the presence or absence of motive. Habits and temperament of the insured, his domestic and social environment and statement evidencing an intention to commit the act, made previous to and near the time of death. But where there are facts from which the jury might draw an inference that the death of the insured was the result of an accident, or that his death may have been caused by other means, rather than that of suicide, the general charge should not be given.
Sovereign Camp W.O.W. v. Dennis, 87 So. 619.
Where in a civil case the evidence of suicide is entirely circumstantial and is not so complete in its probative value as to exclude an hypothesis inconsistent with the theory of death by suicide, a verdict against the party upon whom the burden of maintaining a plea of death by suicide rested will not be disturbed as being contrary to the evidence.
Sovereign Camp W.O.W. v. Hodges, 73 So. 347.
The appellee, Mrs. Jefcoats, as the widow of George Jefcoats, brought an action for the recovery on an insurance policy issued on February 1, 1930, to George Jefcoats, which policy contained a double indemnity clause; the amount of the ordinary life policy being for one thousand dollars and the amount of the double indemnity being for one thousand dollars. George Jefcoats, the insured, was killed by a passenger train in the city of Laurel, on the night of October 7, 1931.
To the declaration, the appellant (the insurance company) filed the plea of general issue, and also notice thereunder of affirmative defense, suicide or self-destruction on the part of the insured.
The case was submitted to a jury resulting in a verdict for the full amount, two thousand dollars, sued for, in favor of the appellee, from which the insurance company appeals to this court.
The essential facts are these: The engineer of the Southern Railway Company testified that a step of the pilot of the engine pulling a passenger train struck the deceased just inside the city limits of Laurel, Mississippi, on the night of October 7, 1931, when the train was proceeding in a northerly direction, and that he (the engineer) blew his whistle for the various street crossings; that it was misting rain; the train was moving at about twenty miles per hour, and that he saw the deceased, Jefcoats, on the track about one hundred and fifty feet ahead, or north, of him, at the time he was blowing the whistle; that his bell had been ringing for some time, and, as he drew near, he realized that the man was not moving, and he therefore gave the cattle alarm, in addition to ringing the bell. The engineer said that Jefcoats was on the outside of the rail, on the cross-ties north of the train; that the cross-ties were filled in with slag; that the deceased was kneeling or crouching back on his heels facing the train, and on the outside of the rails; that the deceased's head was lowered as though he was looking at the ground in front of him, and that he was struck by the pilot step on the east side of said engine, no other part of the engine striking the deceased. When the engineer saw the man was ignoring his signals, he put on his emergency brake and stopped the train, the sixth car being opposite the deceased. The engineer says he went out and saw the deceased lying on the ground where he had been thrown, but that he did not examine the body. From the time the engineer saw Jefcoats there was no movement of his body until he was struck by the engine.
Other witnesses testified that Jefcoats' body was still warm and that it was "limber;" that there were no props of any kind around the deceased, and that the blood from the deceased's body was fresh and not coagulated. One witness testified that the deceased's body was on the east side, and his cap was found forty or fifty feet from his body.
Jefcoats lived in Laurel, Mississippi; his residence being about a mile from where he was killed.
Another witness testified that the body of the deceased was found six or eight feet below the track in a crumpled position with his face and head badly crushed, and that he had been struck from the front; and the undertaker said, from his experience, the deceased had been dead only a few minutes. His testimony was to the effect that the deceased must have been alive at the time he was struck by the engine.
There were no controverted facts in the record. There was no effort to show any motive on the part of the deceased for the taking of his life. The record is barren of any statement as to his outlook on life; there is nothing to show that he was melancholy or financially depressed, and we glean from the record no effort to trace the movements of the deceased, or his condition, mentally or financially, prior to the time he was struck by this engine.
The life insurance policy is in the usual form, but in the contract there was this provision: "In case of self destruction committed, whether sane or insane, within two years from the date hereof, the extent of recovery hereunder shall be the premiums paid." The double indemnity clause in the policy reads as follows: "The Company will pay the beneficiary in full settlement of all claims hereunder double the face amount of this policy, if, during the premium paying period, and before waiver of any on account of disability, and before default in the payment of any premium, and before any non-forfeiture provision other than automatic premium loan is in effect, the death of the Insured results from bodily injury within ninety days after the occurrence of such injury provided death results directly and independently of all other causes, from bodily injury effected solely through external, violent and accidental means. Except, these provisions do not apply if the Insured shall engage in military or naval service, or any allied branch thereof, in time of war, or in case death results from bodily injury inflicted by the Insured himself, or intentionally by another person; or from engaging in aeronautics or submarine operations, either as a passenger or otherwise, or from a state of war or insurrection or self destruction, or directly or indirectly from bodily or mental infirmity, poisoning or infection other than that occurring simultaneously with and in consequence of bodily injury."
Among other instructions unnecessary to set forth, the court gave for the appellee the following instruction: "The court instructs the jury for the plaintiff that the burden of proof to prove suicide is upon the defendant and when circumstantial evidence is relied upon to prove suicide, then such circumstances must exclude with reasonable certainty any hypothesis of death by accident, natural causes or by intentional acts of another;" and also the following instruction was given for the plaintiff: "The court further instructs the jury for the plaintiff that it is the law that the burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to prove his case by a preponderance of the evidence, but that the burden of proof is upon the defendant to prove by a preponderance of the evidence an exception in the policy, and hence the burden of proof is upon the defendant, Insurance Company, to prove by a clear preponderance of the evidence that the deceased committed suicide."
The court gave for the defendant, the insurance company, the following instruction: "The court tells you for the defendant that the burden is upon the plaintiff to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the death of the insured was accidental."
The appellant and the appellee both insist that each was entitled to a peremptory instruction.
There is no question but that the insurance policy was in full force and effect, and that the deceased met his death by being struck by the step of the pilot of the engine. It is equally clear that the testimony of the engineer as to what he saw was within a period of eight or ten seconds, considering the rate of speed of this train.
It is insisted by the appellee that no error can be predicated on the instructions, for the reason that she was entitled to a peremptory instruction on all the facts.
In this action for one thousand dollars on the ordinary life insurance policy, the burden of proof was upon the appellant to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the deceased came to his death by his own volition, or, in other words, that he was a suicide; that he could not have placed himself in the position described, with his face toward the on-coming train, on the cross-ties, so near to the rails on which the train was moving, ignored the train signals, etc., with any other intention than that of destroying himself by allowing the rapidly moving train to strike him; that there was no other reasonable hypothesis than that of intentional self-destruction, conceding that the presumption is that no man intentionally destroys himself, and that the appellee had the benefit of this presumption throughout the entire case.
On the other hand, the appellee contends that the facts detailed disclose that Jefcoats would have placed himself between the rails if he had intended self-destruction, thus making certain of the object which he desired to accomplish; but that, through inadvertence or miscalculation as to his distance from the rails, he was struck by the train, or because something had evidently happened to him out of the ordinary, because of the fact that his cap was found some distance from his body, on the opposite side of the track; and it is just as reasonable to believe that he fell asleep, or was suddenly ill.
We are of opinion that the circuit judge should have submitted these facts to a jury for their determination, for, while the facts are not controverted, still reasonable men might draw different inferences from the state of facts here detailed. These circumstances do not point unerringly to either of the theories so that it could be said as a matter of law, by the court, that the facts did or did not establish a case of suicide. Many authorities are cited wherein courts have held that the facts in the particular case establish suicide in a case similar to the one at bar; but we must observe that in all these cases, in addition to the circumstances immediately surrounding the death of the insured, there appear motives for the suicide. In the case at bar, we have no glimpse of the past history of the deceased. We must assume he was happy, possessed of no melancholia, in no kind of trouble, either fancied or real, and that he was happily situated in his domestic relations. His presence a mile from home is unaccounted for; his crouching position might be thought by some to have been of intention and plan, and, on the other hand, he may have suffered for the moment a slight vertigo, or even stopped to rest for a moment because of some physical reaction, and may have dozed, or he may have been closer to the rails than he calculated, or he may have been careless for a few moments.
We must indulge the presumption that he did not intend, voluntarily, to commit suicide, for, at common law, suicide was a crime, and to aid and abet one in his willful self-destruction is a violation of a statute of this state (Code 1930, section 1138). If either of these hypotheses had been adopted by the jury, its verdict would not be disturbed by this court.
We are of opinion that no peremptory instruction should have been given for either side in this case under the rule announced in the case of Life Casualty Ins. Co. of Tennessee v. Andrews, 149 Miss. 306, 115 So. 548, 551, as follows: "The presumption of law is against suicide, but such presumption is not conclusive; it is only prima facie; it may be overcome by the evidence. In order, however, to justify the court in taking the issue of suicide, or not, from the jury, and directing a verdict in favor of the suicide, the evidence going to establish suicide must be so strong as that no other reasonable inference can be drawn therefrom than that of suicide. If the evidence is such, although it is without conflict, that two reasonable inferences can be drawn therefrom, one in favor of suicide and the other against, then, plainly, it is a question for the jury. On the other hand, if only one reasonable inference can be drawn from the evidence and that is suicide, then there is no question for the jury; there is only a question of law for the court."
The appellant, the insurance company, points out that in the action for one thousand dollars of ordinary life insurance, the burden of proof was upon it to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the death of the insured, Jefcoats, was caused by his suicide; but it further maintains that, as applied to the action for the double indemnity, the burden of proof was upon the appellee to establish that the death was accidental, and, if suicide, it could not have been accidental.
Everything must be considered as proved which the evidence established, either directly or by reasonable inference, against the party who requests a peremptory instruction. Dean v. Brannon, 139 Miss. 312, 104 So. 173, 175.
It cannot be controverted that, in the action on the ordinary life insurance policy, the defendant having filed an affirmative plea, it had the burden of maintaining this affirmative plea. This rule of law was applied and applicable by the appellee's instruction quoted above, but the instruction went further and placed the burden of proof as to the double indemnity clause of the policy upon the appellant. As to the one thousand dollars sued for in the declaration on the double indemnity clause, the burden of proof was upon the appellee to show that not only the death of the insured was brought about by external and violent means, but by accidental means, and an injury inflicted by the insured, himself, or suicide, is not embraced within the terms "accidental means;" so that in this case, as to the double indemnity clause, the burden of proof was upon the plaintiff throughout the case. Of course, she was aided in establishing this proof by the presumption that the deceased did not inflict the injury upon himself which resulted in his death, or, putting it plainer, commit suicide. See 5 Wigmore on Evidence (2 Ed.), section 2150c. The rule is accurately stated in Cornelius on Accidental Means, page 93, as follows: "In a suit on a policy of accident insurance, where the issue to be determined is whether the injuries causing death were effected through accidental means, or by the suicidal act of the insured, the law indulges in a presumption against suicide, and by the aid of this presumption, the plaintiff makes a prima facie case, sufficient to go to the jury, by showing that the death was occasioned by a bodily injury effected through external and violent means, without showing by direct evidence that the same was effected through accidental means. Where, however, the evidence is conflicting, the presumption against suicide is not sufficient to place upon the defendant the burden of showing that the injuries were inflicted with suicidal intent. On the contrary, the burden is upon the plaintiff throughout, assisted by the presumption just referred to, to establish by a preponderance of all the evidence that the injuries were effected through accidental means, and were not self-inflicted."
In a similar case to the one at bar, Taylor v. Pac. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 110 Iowa, page 621, 82 N.W. 326, that court said: "That to entitle the plaintiff to recover at all, he must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that his was an accidental injury, because the policy only insured him against such injuries. It is true that when an injury is shown the presumption arises that it was not self-inflicted, and to defeat a recovery the defendant must negative this presumption; but, in cases where the very foundation of the action is accidental injury, the presumption which the law raises is only an aid to the other evidence on the subject, and does not operate to shift the burden of proof on the entire issue to the defendant." See Whitlatch v. Casualty Co., 149 N.Y. 45, 43 N.E. 405; Fidelity Casualty Co. of New York v. Weise, 182 Ill. 496, 55 N.E. 540; Travelers' Ins. Co. v. McConkey, 127 U.S. 661, 8 S.Ct. 1360, 32 L.Ed. 308.
While the evidence in the case at bar was not conflicting, yet a reasonable hypothesis was fairly deducible by reasonable men, either in favor of, or against, suicide. A person who intentionally inflicts injury upon himself resulting in death cannot be said to have died of accidental means. The instruction given for the appellee imposes upon the appellant the burden of proving, in the suit for the double indemnity, that the deceased died of injuries self-inflicted.
We have examined all the other instructions in the case, and they do not aid us in the slightest degree in relieving the case of the irreconcilable conflict thus presented by the two instructions, and the jury were left without any guide as to where the burden of proof was with reference to the accident clause of the policy.
For this error, the case must be reversed, and will be remanded, unless the appellee shall see fit to enter a remittitur in the sum of one thousand dollars, the amount recovered on the double indemnity, clause of the policy, in which event the case will be affirmed. If the remittitur is not promptly entered, the case will be remanded for another trial.
Affirmed with remittitur.