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upholding a single award of statutory damages for copyright infringement because the allegations in the complaint established that defendants were jointly and severally liable.
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No. 17-35237 No. 17-35243 No. 17-35249 No. 17-35250 No. 17-35253
06-18-2018
LHF PRODUCTIONS INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DOE 1, Defendant, and AARON LIGHTNER, agent of Doe 8; DONALD REDDISH, agent of Doe 9; ALEXANDER CAUTHORN, agent of Doe 10, Defendants-Appellees. LHF PRODUCTIONS INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DOE 1, Defendant, and ROSELEN TORRES, agent of Doe 13; SHERWIN MENDOZA, Defendants-Appellees. LHF PRODUCTIONS INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DOE 1, Defendant, and LAUREN BURKS, agent of Doe 1; WILLIAM AELY, agent of Doe 2; TAMIKA GREENE, agent of Doe 5; CURTIS STOUT, agent of Doe 6; DONALD SMITH, agent of Doe 8; LUCY GATHU, agent of Doe 10; DOUGLAS COTTRELL, agent of Doe 12; DAVID ALVAREZ, Jr., agent of Doe 13, Defendants-Appellees. LHF PRODUCTIONS INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DOE 1, Defendant, and PAUL CAIN, agent of Doe 2; BOUN BOSAKOUONTHONG, agent of Doe 5; SAMANTHA SMITH, agent of Doe 7; ANDREW BRADLEEY, agent of Doe 8; EDWARD BROWN, agent of Doe 11, Defendants-Appellees. LHF PRODUCTIONS INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DOE 1, Defendant, and SIKOTORSKI ROMAN, agent of Doe 4; STANLEY RUGUIAN, agent of Doe 5; KIEL RAMTHUN, agent of Doe 6; NICHOLAS ENGLISH, agent of Doe 14, Defendants-Appellees.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
D.C. No. 2:16-cv-00552-RSM MEMORANDUM D.C. No. 2:16-cv-00621-RSM D.C. No. 2:16-cv-01015-RSM D.C. No. 2:16-cv-00865-RSM D.C. No. 2:16-cv-00623-RSM Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington
Ricardo S. Martinez, Chief Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted May 18, 2018 Seattle, Washington Before: BERZON and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges, and DEARIE, District Judge.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
The Honorable Raymond J. Dearie, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation. --------
LHF Productions Inc. ("LHF") appeals (1) the district court's decision to grant a single statutory damages award in each of the five cases consolidated on appeal, for which the defendants in each case are jointly and severally liable; and (2) the attorney's fees awarded. We affirm.
1. Each complaint filed by LHF joined the participants in a single BitTorrent "swarm." The "swarm" downloaded and, together, uploaded the same digital file copy of a movie, London Has Fallen. The complaints stated that the defendants' actions were "part of a common design, intention and purpose" to infringe "the exact same unique copy of [LHF's] movie," that the defendants "agreed with one another to use the Internet and BitTorrent technology" to violate the federal copyright laws, that they "jointly and collectively supported and advanced an economic business model of profiting from the piracy of [LHF]'s copyrighted work," and, most explicitly, that "each Defendant knowingly and actively participated in a conspiracy to perform an illegal act and/or injure [LHF] through use of the BitTorrent protocol to infringe [LHF]'s copyrighted work."
LHF was awarded default judgments in the cases consolidated on appeal. "Upon entry of a default judgment, facts alleged to establish liability are binding . . . and . . . may not be relitigated on appeal." Danning v. Lavine, 572 F.2d 1386, 1388 (9th Cir. 1978). The factual allegations in its complaints are therefore taken as true, see Garamendi v. Henin, 683 F.3d 1069, 1080 (9th Cir. 2012); Geddes v. United Fin. Grp., 559 F.2d 557, 560 (9th Cir.1977) (per curiam), including that the defendants in each case "actively participated in a conspiracy" and "jointly and collectively" infringed LHF's copyright. These allegations establish that the defendants are jointly and severally liable as a matter of law. See Oki Semiconductor Co. v. Wells Fargo Bank, Nat'l Ass'n, 298 F.3d 768, 775 (9th Cir. 2002) (holding conspirators jointly and severally liable).
Under federal copyright law, the copyright owner may elect to recover "an award of statutory damages for all infringements involved in the action, with respect to any one work, for which any one infringer is liable individually, or for which any two or more infringers are liable jointly and severally." 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(1) (emphasis added). In each of the consolidated cases, the district court properly awarded a single award of statutory damages for the infringement of the only work here at issue, for which the named defendants are, on the allegations in the complaint, jointly and severally liable.
2. LHF also appeals the amount of attorneys' fees awarded by the district court. The district court properly surveyed the rates charged by "attorneys of comparable experience, skill and reputation" in the relevant community. Carson v. Billings Police Dep't, 470 F.3d 889, 892 (9th Cir. 2006). In similar cases brought against BitTorrent participants for copyright infringement, Western District of Washington courts have found hourly rates ranging from $200-$350 appropriate. See Qotd Film Inv. Ltd. v. Starr, No. C16-0371RSL, 2016 WL 5817027, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 5, 2016) (collecting cases); Dallas Buyers Club, LLC v. Nydam, No. C14-1684RAJ, 2016 WL 7719874, at *6 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 8, 2016) (determining that an hourly rate of $300 was appropriate).
The cases relied upon by LHF in which courts awarded higher fees did not involve "similar services." Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 895 n.11 (1984). LHF, predictably, encountered little opposition in obtaining default judgments. The cases in which higher hourly rates were awarded were significantly more complicated; they involved discovery, summary judgment motions, and evidentiary hearings. See BWP Media USA Inc. v. Rich Kids Clothing Co., 103 F. Supp. 3d 1242, 1249-50 (W.D. Wash. 2015); Getty Images (U.S.), Inc. v. Virtual Clinics, No. C13-0626JLR, 2014 WL 1744522, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 29, 2014); Little Genie Prods. LLC v. PHSI Inc., No. 2:12-cv-00357-RSM, 2014 WL 3050326, at *10 (W.D. Wash. July 2, 2014). Moreover, that LHF's attorney typically charges higher rates is immaterial. The reasonable hourly rate is determined by reference to the prevailing local rate for comparable work, not "by reference to rates actually charged the prevailing party." Chalmers v. City of Los Angeles, 796 F.2d 1205, 1210-11 (9th Cir. 1986).
Finally, the district court properly evaluated the amount of time LHF's attorney reasonably spent on these cases, in which he filed essentially form pleadings. The district court's overall award of attorney's fees was therefore not an abuse of discretion.
AFFIRMED.