Opinion
No. 14-08-01165-CV
Opinion filed January 21, 2010.
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 4, Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 917748.
Panel consists of Chief Justice HEDGES and Justices SEYMORE and SULLIVAN.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, the Levin Law Group, P.C. ("LLG") filed suit against attorney Ernesto de Andre Sigmon for breach of an agreement to mediate an underlying civil lawsuit. The trial court granted Sigmon's motion for summary judgment after Sigmon asserted, inter alia, (a) he did not accept the terms of the agreement, (b) he did not reschedule or cancel the mediation, and (c) the statute of frauds operated to bar the alleged oral contract. We affirm the judgment.
BACKGROUND
On January 25, 2008, Allan G. Levine, an attorney for one of the plaintiffs in the underlying civil lawsuit, contacted LLG to obtain potential dates for scheduling mediation of the dispute with Alan F. Levin, the principal shareholder of LLG. After obtaining several available dates, Levine contacted Sigmon, the defendant's attorney, and Don Fogel, the other plaintiff's attorney in the underlying case. After checking their respective calendars, the attorneys "settled on February 8, 2008" to mediate the underlying dispute.
Levine notified Levin's office and confirmed the date. LLG faxed a letter containing information regarding the mediation to all three attorneys on January 29, 2008. This letter provided: "In the absence of [two weeks'] advance written notice the attorneys are responsible to see that the mediator is promptly paid fifty percent (50%) of the total mediation fee as an agreed cancellation/rescheduling fee." LLG also faxed to the attorneys an "Attorney Confidential Information Sheet and Request for Mediation" form (the "mediation request form") and a "Rules for Mediation" form (the "mediation rules form").
Sigmon neither completed nor signed the mediation request form. The mediation rules form contained the following paragraph:
CANCELLATION/RESCHEDULING FEE AGREEMENT. ONCE A CASE HAS BEEN SET FOR MEDIATION, THE ATTORNEYS AND THE PARTIES RECOGNIZE THAT THE MEDIATOR'S CALENDAR HAS BEEN RESERVED, AND THEY MUST THEREFORE PROVIDE THE MEDIATOR AT LEAST TWO (2) WEEKS ADVANCE WRITTEN NOTICE OF CANCELLATION/RESCHEDULING. IN THE ABSENCE OF SUCH ADVANCE WRITTEN NOTICE, THE ATTORNEYS AND PARTIES AGREE TO AND SHALL PAY THE MEDIATOR FIFTY PERCENT (50%) OF THE TOTAL MEDIATION FEE FOR THE DAY(S) AS AN AGREED CANCELLATION/RESCHEDULING FEE. THIS RULE ALSO APPLIES TO MEDIATIONS SCHEDULED LESS THAN TWO (2) WEEKS IN ADVANCE OF THE MEDIATION DATE.
Sigmon's client in the underlying suit was unable to attend the mediation in person, but was willing to be available by telephone; Sigmon was available and prepared to attend the mediation on his client's behalf. Fogel objected to the lack of personal attendance by Sigmon's client, and the mediation was cancelled.
In April 2008, LLG filed suit against Sigmon, alleging breach of contract because Sigmon refused to pay the cancellation fee listed in the mediation request form. After generally denying the allegations and asserting several affirmative defenses, Sigmon filed a traditional motion for summary judgment.
In the summary-judgment motion, Sigmon asserted (1) there was no agreement to mediate, either written or oral, (2) he did not agree to be personally obligated for any cancellation or rescheduling fees caused by his client or anyone else, and (3) his client's intended appearance at the mediation via telephone was not a breach of any such agreement. In an affidavit attached to the motion, Sigmon stated, among other things:
• He made no agreement with respect to mediating the underlying suit;
• He made no agreement regarding the amount of or obligation for any cancellation or rescheduling fees;
• He did not reschedule or cancel the mediation;
• Fogel declined to go forward with the mediation when Sigmon's client was unable to physically attend the mediation;
• Neither Sigmon nor his client "accepted, acquiesced, or otherwise agreed to the matters contained in (i) The Levin Law Group, P.C.'s letter of January 29, 2008, (ii) an unsigned pre-printed one page document entitled `Rules for Mediation,' or (iii) a pre-printed uncompleted document entitled `Attorney's Confidential Information Sheet and Request for Mediation.'"
LLG filed a response to Sigmon's summary-judgment motion, in which it stated:
Sigmon consented to the scheduling of the mediation for February 8, 2008; he received the correspondence of January 29, 2008 with the Rules of Mediation and the Attorney's Confidential Information Sheet and Request for Mediation; he did not object to the terms contained within those documents. Further, he received the January 30, 2008 letter reemphasizing the terms and made no objection.
LLG also attached affidavits from Levin and Levine. In his affidavit, Levin stated that because last-minute cancellations are a "huge problem" for mediators, he had implemented a cancellation policy. He stated that, in his experience, generally "all the attorneys are well familiar with the cancellation policy of this mediator as well as other quality mediators" but he "specifically call[s] the policy to the attorney's attention every single time."
In the affidavit, Levin also indicated that, in this specific situation, his staff forwarded a letter by facsimile to all three attorneys in the underlying case. In the first paragraph of the letter, he stated "I specifically alert you to Rule 19 dealing with cancellation/rescheduling fees." Levin also specified the total mediation fee in this case was $6,375.00; thus the cancellation/rescheduling fee would be $3,187.50.
LLG also attached an affidavit from Levine, indicating that he contacted Levin's assistant to obtain potential dates for mediation. Levine stated that after "dialoging" with Sigmon and Fogel, they settled on February 8, 2008, and Levine notified Levin's office and confirmed the date. Levine averred that it was his belief the other attorneys understood personal attendance at the mediation was essential. He further stated that he recognized he and his clients were bound by the Rules of Mediation provided by Levin, including "the cancellation fee and the fact that the attorney and/or party who causes the cancellation is responsible to pay fifty percent (50%) of Mr. Levin's total fee." Levine explained he had never been asked by a mediator to sign any type of "formal agreement", and he and all other "practicing, experienced attorneys who engage in mediation in Harris County, Texas, deem [themselves] and [their] clients bound to the Rules of Mediation once Mr. Levin and the date for mediation have been selected."
Sigmon stated in his affidavit, "I have practiced law in Dallas, Texas for the approximate nine years since [being licensed in 1999] and have appeared in the courts of Harris County, Texas several times during that period." He does not indicate whether he has engaged in mediation in Harris County.
Sigmon replied to LLG's response, objecting to much of the affidavit evidence. The trial court did not rule on these objections, but granted Sigmon's summary-judgment motion on August 1, 2008. The judgment became final on September 17, 2008, and, after a motion for new trial was overruled by operation of law, this appeal timely ensued.
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
To prevail on a traditional motion for summary judgment, the moving party must establish "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); see Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tex. 1985). In determining whether there is a genuine fact issue precluding summary judgment, we take as true evidence favorable to the non-movant, and we make all reasonable inferences and resolve all doubts in favor of the non-movant. Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 548-49. A movant that conclusively negates at least one essential element of a plaintiff's cause of action is entitled to summary judgment on that claim. IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr. of Desoto, Tex., Inc. v. Mason, 143 S.W.3d 794, 798 (Tex. 2004).
Thereafter, the burden shifts to the non-movant to produce evidence that would preclude summary judgment. See City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678-79 (Tex. 1979). If there is no issue of material fact, summary judgment should issue as a matter of law. See Haase v. Glazner, 62 S.W.3d 795, 797 (Tex. 2001). We review the trial court's summary judgment de novo. Provident Life Acc. Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003).
II. Existence of a Contract
The parties agree there is no written contract in this case. LLG asserts, however, that "there is a fact issue concerning whether [Sigmon] accepted the terms of mediation by scheduling the date and failing to object to any of the terms contained in the mediation agreement," thus precluding summary judgment.
The elements of written and oral contracts are the same and must be present for a contract to be binding. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Lopez, 93 S.W.3d 548, 555 (Tex. App.-Houston 2002, no pet.). A binding contract must have an offer and an acceptance; the acceptance must be in strict compliance with the terms of the offer. Advantage Physical Therapy, Inc. v. Cruse, 165 S.W.3d 21, 25 (Tex. App.-Houston 2005, no pet.). Generally, acceptance of an offer must be communicated to the offeror for a contract to be binding. Id. at 26. Thus, silence does not ordinarily indicate acceptance of an offer. See id. (citing RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 69(1) cmt. a (1981)); see also Tex. Ass'n of Counties County Gov't Risk Mgmt. Pool v. Matagorda County, 52 S.W.3d 128, 132 (Tex. 2000) (noting that "as a general rule, `silence and inaction will not be construed as an assent to an offer'" (quoting 2 WILLISTON ON CONTRACTS § 6:49 (4th ed. 1991))).
In this case, Levine was the only attorney who spoke with LLG and Sigmon about scheduling the mediation. In his affidavit, Levine does not indicate that, before Sigmon agreed to mediate the underlying dispute, Levine communicated either Levin's mediation fee or cancellation/rescheduling charges. The parties agree that these terms were communicated to Sigmon after the mediation was scheduled. Thus, the fact that Sigmon agreed to mediate the dispute does not support an inference that Sigmon agreed to the mediation rules or cancellation fees. See Advantage Physical Therapy, Inc., 165 S.W.3d at 25 (acceptance must be in strict compliance with terms of offer).
In fact, Sigmon presented uncontroverted affidavit evidence that he never entered into an agreement to mediate the underlying suit under the terms and conditions specified by the letters from LLG, the mediation request form, or the mediation rules form. The only evidence LLG specifies to support its claim of an oral agreement to mediate under the written terms it provided is Sigmon's "lack of objection" to these terms, i.e., Sigmon's silence, after LLG faxed the written terms to him. But silence rarely indicates acceptance of an offer. See id. at 26; see also Tex. Ass'n of Counties County Gov't Risk Mgmt. Pool, 52 S.W.3d at 132; RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS, § 69(1) (noting that assent may be inferred "[w]here an offeree takes the benefit of offered services with reasonable opportunity to reject them").
Here, Sigmon did not take the benefit of the offered services with a "reasonable opportunity" to reject them. Ultimately, he did not take the benefit of the offered services at all. Further, the confirmation letter, mediation rules form, and mediation agreement form were faxed to Sigmon on January 29, 2008. Six days later, on Monday, February 4, 2008, Sigmon notified LLG that his client would be unable to physically attend the mediation. Thus, Sigmon's purported lack of objection to the terms of the mediation does not indicate acceptance of LLG's mediation rules. See Tex. Ass'n of Counties County Gov't Risk Mgmt. Pool, 52 S.W.3d at 132; Advantage Physical Therapy, Inc., 165 S.W.3d at 26.
Additionally, it is uncontroverted that Sigmon was willing to attend the mediation on behalf of his client, and his client agreed to be available throughout the mediation by telephone. Levin and Levine both stated in their affidavits that they were willing to conduct the mediation under these conditions. The parties agree that Fogel objected to this format, and the mediation was cancelled as a result of Fogel's objection.
Thus, if the rules for mediation require "personal attendance" as Levin states in his affidavit, Sigmon objected to the offered mediation terms by notifying LLG that his client would not be able to personally attend the mediation. If anything, this objection to LLG's mediation terms could be deemed a counter-offer by Sigmon, which Levin and Levine accepted, but Fogel rejected. See, e.g., Lewis v. Adams, 979 S.W.2d 831, 834 (Tex. App.-Houston 1998, no pet.) ("It is elementary that an acceptance must not change or qualify the terms of an offer; if it does, there is no meeting of the minds between the parties because the modification then becomes a counteroffer."). At any rate, the "communications between the parties and the acts and circumstances surrounding those communications" in this case indicate that there was no meeting of the minds, and thus no offer and acceptance, regarding the essential terms of the mediation. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 93 S.W.3d at 556.
Under these circumstances, we conclude that Sigmon conclusively established that he did not accept the terms of the mediation specified in the letters faxed by LLG, the mediation rules form, or the mediation agreement form — an essential element of LLG's breach of contract claim. Cf. IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr. of Desoto, Tex., Inc., 143 S.W.3d at 798; see Advantage Physical Therapy, Inc., 165 S.W.3d at 25-26. Because LLG presented no evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact regarding this issue, the trial court properly granted summary judgment to Sigmon. We accordingly overrule LLG's issue.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that Sigmon established his entitlement to summary judgment on LLG's breach of contract claim. Having overruled LLG' single issue, we affirm the trial court's order granting Sigmon's motion for summary judgment.