Opinion
Docket No. 65782.
Decided February 21, 1984. Leave to appeal applied for.
Kelman, Loria, Downing, Schneider Simpson (by Nicholas J. Rine), for plaintiff. Lakin, Worsham Victor, P.C. (by Sanford N. Lakin and Larry A. Smith), for Maren Engineering Corporation.
Sullivan, Ward Bone, P.C. (by Richard G. Ward), for H.H. Donnelly Associates, Inc.
Plaintiff filed suit in September, 1979, against the manufacturer (Maren) and retail seller (Donnelly) of a baling-crushing machine, claiming that he suffered injuries as a result of the negligent design and installation of the machine and that the defendants had breached express and implied warranties. Plaintiff abandoned the warranty claims at the close of proofs and the case was submitted to the jury solely on the negligence theory. A verdict of no cause of action was rendered and judgment in accordance with the verdict was entered on July 2, 1982. From that judgment, plaintiff appeals as of right. We affirm.
Plaintiff was employed in a bottle and can recycling plant. His tasks included placement of cases containing bottles onto a conveyor belt which led to the crushing machine. On June 15, 1979, plaintiff climbed onto the moving conveyor belt in an "effort to break up the morning". The belt was approximately eight feet long and was elevated five feet off the floor. The sides of the crushing chamber, itself, were over six feet high. A co-employee, David Nuss, observed plaintiff climb onto a nearby counter and lie down on the moving conveyor belt. Nuss turned the belt off when plaintiff was within a foot of the belt's end. Plaintiff sat upright with his legs dangling over the crushing chamber and, as a "prank", Nuss quickly turned the belt on and then off again. Plaintiff then either fell, slipped, or jumped into the crushing chamber. The self-activating feature of the machine turned on the ramming mechanism which crushed plaintiff's legs before he could get out of the chamber.
Plaintiff testified that he was aware of the self-activating feature of the machine (a photoelectric cell) which automatically engaged the crusher when the material inside the chamber reached a certain level. He admitted knowing that the machine was dangerous but stated that he did not wish to fall inside but was jerked into the machine, apparently when Nuss started the conveyor belt. Plaintiff testified that he had been on the conveyor belt on previous occasions but that he had not done so when the belt was in motion. Nuss testified that there was no work-related reason for anyone to be on the moving conveyor belt.
Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erroneously permitted counsel for Maren to elicit testimony from a defense witness concerning the arrest of one of plaintiff's witnesses. The use of evidence of an arrest, not resulting in conviction, for impeachment purposes and the procedure by which this extrinsic impeachment on a collateral matter was permitted, was erroneous. See People v Falkner, 389 Mich. 682; 209 N.W.2d 193 (1973); MRE 608(b). Although erroneous, reversal is not required. A determination of prejudicial error necessarily depends on the circumstances of the case, the fairness of the verdict, and whether the erroneously admitted evidence pertained to a substantive issue in the case. Ilins v Burns, 388 Mich. 504; 201 N.W.2d 624 (1972); Sponenburgh v Wayne County, 106 Mich. App. 628; 308 N.W.2d 589 (1981). Here, plaintiff has failed to make a showing of prejudice resulting from the improper admission of this evidence. The testimony concerned a collateral matter and did not bear upon the substantive issue of the case.
Next, citing GCR 1963, 302.4, plaintiff asserts that the trial judge erroneously instructed the jury that admissions contained in the deposition of Donnelly's president, David Ryan, were not evidence against codefendant Maren. We disagree. While depositions of an opposing party may be used for any purpose, the admissibility of such evidence is still controlled and limited by the rules of evidence. GCR 1963, 302.4. Therefore, the trial court properly followed the long-standing rule that admissions of one defendant are not admissible as substantive evidence against a codefendant. See, e.g., Gibbard v Cursan, 225 Mich. 311; 196 N.W. 398 (1923); Ghezzi v Holly, 22 Mich. App. 157; 177 N.W.2d 247 (1970); Fassihi v St Mary's Hospital of Livonia, 121 Mich. App. 11; 328 N.W.2d 132 (1982).
Five months prior to trial, Donnelly filed a cross-claim against Maren seeking indemnification in the event that plaintiff obtained a judgment against Donnelly. Plaintiff sought to introduce that pleading into evidence as an admission against Donnelly in his case in chief. We find that the trial court properly applied the exception to GCR 1963, 604, set forth in Slocum v Ford Motor Co, 111 Mich. App. 127; 314 N.W.2d 546 (1981), to prohibit the admission of the cross-claim. The allegations contained within the cross-claim were in the nature of alternative or conditional pleadings and were predicated upon an initial finding of liability against Donnelly in plaintiff's original action. Thus, introduction of the allegations in the cross-claim would have left Donnelly virtually defenseless and would have placed Donnelly in the position of having to forgo a claim for indemnification at the risk of having evidence of the inconsistent allegations introduced at trial as admissions of liability in the principal action.
Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred by giving defendant Maren's requested jury instructions. Plaintiff claims that the instructions were repetitive, argumentative, not warranted by the evidence, and a misstatement of the law. Plaintiff failed to comply with GCR 1963, 516.2, which requires the objecting party to state with specificity both the subject matter and the grounds for the objection. Our review of the record indicates that the given instructions were neither argumentative nor unsupported by the record. Further, the jury was instructed in accordance with the standard set forth in Owens v Allis-Chalmers Corp, 414 Mich. 413; 326 N.W.2d 372 (1982), and any reference to the "obvious" nature of the risk was harmless, given plaintiff's own admission that he knew the machine was dangerous and that his actions were foolish and a misuse of the machine.
The final allegation of error involves the conduct of defendant Maren's trial counsel. We note that the transcript is replete with evidentiary objections and heated exchanges between counsel, but we also note that the exchanges occurred for the most part out of the presence of the jury. We find no evidence of misconduct on the part of trial counsel which would operate to deny plaintiff a fair trial.
Having reviewed the record in conjunction with plaintiff's asserted grounds of error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. Costs to defendant.